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The Brain and Behavior Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential:

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Presentation on theme: "The Brain and Behavior Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential:"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Brain and Behavior Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

2 Functions Communication Coordination Control Cognition Complexity

3 Outline: Start With A Mechanistic View Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

4 Evolution None Nerve net Segmented Cephalization: an organizing principle (brain- mind correlation not always obvious!) Kineses Taxes Reflexes

5 Evolution

6 Brain Structure

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8 DRUGS

9 Evolution None Nerve net Segmented Cephalization: an organizing principle (brain-mind correlation not always obvious!) Kineses Taxes Reflexes

10 Kinesis (potato bug) Taxis (moth / maggot / fly / tick) Reflex: (knee jerk) –Descartes 161 St. Germaine on the Seine –Pineal –Mechanist

11 Reflexes Braightenberg: Vehicles

12 Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

13 The Neuron 100 billion Varied in size, shape, function Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

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15 Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

16 Origin of nerve signal Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

17 Generation Two forces: –Electrical (ionic) –Chemical (concentration) –Give rise to steady-state voltage “resting potential” –Universal in cells

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19 Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

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21 Action Potential

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23 Movement of a Signal

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25 Action Potential Cell actions Speed: Muller (light), Helmholtz (43 m/sec) Refractoriness All or none law Coding of intensity: analog-digital + recruitment (organizing principle)

26 Neuron Communication Propagation is much faster if the axon is myelinated: Depolarization proceeds down the axon by a number of skips or jumps. The action potential obeys the all-or- none law: Once it’s launched, further increases in stimulus intensity have no effect on its magnitude.

27 Neuron Communication Propagation is much faster if the axon is myelinated: Depolarization proceeds down the axon by a number of skips or jumps. The action potential obeys the all-or- none law: Once it’s launched, further increases in stimulus intensity have no effect on its magnitude. Frequency signals intensity

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29 Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

30 Synapses: What happens when signal reaches end of neuron? Two types of actions - excitatory / inhibitory Chemical model Temporal & spatial summation

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32 Synapses

33 Release of Neurotransmitter

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35 Synapses

36 Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

37 A Model for building behavior out of simple building blocks Reflexes Voting behavior Mirror neurons Other examples to follow

38 Reflexes: A model

39 Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

40 Principles and Functions Cephalization All-or-None Law Frequency Coding of Intensity Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies Localization of Function (+ Integration) Topographic Projection (& Distortion) Split Brain (Crossed Connections) Connectivity & Functional Connectivity Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization

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42 Brain Structure (midline)

43 Structure: Central Core

44 Structure: X-Ray View

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48 Localization of Function

49 Localization/Topographic Projection

50 Localization/Topographic Proj.

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53 Split Brain

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