1. Unit I Flashcards

2. Distinctively shaped spearhead used by Paleo-Indians and named for the place in New Mexico where they were first excavated. Clovis point #1 SHOWNEXT MARK FOR REVIEW Review

3. The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas that began when Columbus arrived in the Caribbean, ending the age-old separation of the hemispheres. Columbian Exchange #2 SHOWNEXT MARK FOR REVIEW Review

4. The land bridge between Siberia and Alaska that was exposed by the Wisconsin glaciation, allowing people to migrate into the Western Hemisphere. Beringia #3 SHOWNEXT MARK FOR REVIEW Review

5. Children born to Spanish parents in the New World who, with the peninsulares, made up the tiny portion of the population at the top of the colonial social hierarchy. Creoles #4 SHOWNEXT MARK FOR REVIEW Review

6. A system for governing used during the Reconquest and in New Spain. It allowed the Spanish encomendero, or “owner” of a town, to collect tribute from the town in return for providing law and order and encouraging “his” Indians to convert to Christianity. Encomienda #5 SHOWNEXT MARK FOR REVIEW Review

7. The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther’s critiques of the Roman Catholic Church, which precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics. Protestant Reformation #6 SHOWNEXT MARK FOR REVIEW Review

8. The centuries-long drive to expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula undertaken by the Christian kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. The military victories of the Reconquest helped the Portuguese gain greater access to sea routes. Reconquest #7 SHOWNEXT MARK FOR REVIEW Review

9. The goods the Mexica collected from conquered peoples, from basic food products to candidates for human sacrifice. Tribute engendered resentment among the Mexica’s subjects, creating a vulnerability the Spaniards would later exploit. Tribute #8 SHOWNEXT MARK FOR REVIEW Review

10. Multiunit dwellings, storage spaces, and ceremonial centers—often termed kivas—built by ancient Americans in the Southwest for centuries around AD 1000. Pueblos #9 SHOWNEXT MARK FOR REVIEW Review

11. Term, literally meaning “conqueror,” that refers to the Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered lands in the New World. Conquistadors #10 SHOWNEXT MARK FOR REVIEW Review

12. REVIEWEND