1. The Crusades  11 th -13 th centuries  a series of military campaigns against the infidels (nonbelievers)  began with the urging of Pope Urban II in 1095 to reclaim the Holy Land

2. Pope Urban III Preaching a Crusade

3. The First Crusade  Pope Urban II’s call  warriors from western Europe joined up  motives for Crusaders  the cause  adventure  economic gain (land, riches, title)  Several thousand cavalry & 10,000 infantry

4. The First Crusade  crusaders reached Jerusalem in 1099  massacred thousands of inhabitants  result:  4 Crusader states formed  Italian city states become rich from trade

5. Setting Out On Crusade

6. The Second Crusade  1120s Muslims regain a Crusader state  attempts to reclaim land a complete failure

7. The Third Crusade  1187 Jerusalem falls to Saladin (Muslim leader)  Emperor of Germany—Frederick Barbarossa, King Richard (the Lionhearted) of England, & Philip Augustus of France—agree to lead the reconquest  unable to regain land  negotiated a settlement where pilgrims could still visit the area without danger

8. The Fourth Crusade  1193 after Saladin’s death, Pope Innocent III called for another Crusade  instead of going straight to Holy Lands masses of ruthless crusaders loot and sack Constantinople—crippling it  1204 Constantinople is regained by its people

9. Children’s Crusades  German had a “calling” to bring children on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land  arrived in Italy where the Pope sent them home  20,000 others from France set sail for the Holy Land  on the way 2 of the ships sank  the rest were sold into slavery when they arrived in North Africa

11. Effects of the Crusades  economic boom for Italian city-states  development of widespread anti-Semitism in Europe  To fight the Muslims while the “murderers of Christ” run free is unthinkable.  vast cross cultural exchanges  Break down of feudalism  Nobles sold land & freed serfs to join crusades  Taxing trade w/ east brought wealth to kings which paved the way for nation-states: Portugal, Spain, England and France would emerge as powers in the 1400’s