1. Essential Questions  Welcome back! Review the Chapter 1 essential questions from your Period 1 packet with your natural partner. Be prepared to share your answers during class discussion.

2. WORKSHOP- HISTORICAL THINKING SKILLS (HTS): EVIDENCE Separating Fact from Opinion

3.  Every credible claim (thesis) must be backed with evidence  Specificity adds credibility  Opinions are always debatable

4. Practicing the Skill  Read the following prompts  Which of the 3 answers are factual and verifiable?  Which of the 3 prompts are opinions or points of view?

5. Prompt: What role did religion play in shaping the Atlantic World?  1. Religion played an important role in the Atlantic World because native religions were superstitious rather than spiritual and had to be changed.  2. Religion played an important role in the Atlantic World as priests and missionaries converted one million Indians to Catholicism.  3. Religion played an important role in the Atlantic World when Pope Alexander VI gave his blessing to Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest.

6. Prompt: Why were the Inca and Aztecs unable to defend their civilization from conquest by the conquistadors?  1. The Inca and the Aztec faced internal divisions that kept them from defeating the Spanish.  2. The Inca and the Aztec were unable to defend their way of life because the Spanish superior culture appealed to many of their subjects.  3. The Inca and the Aztecs were outsmarted by the Spanish and manipulated into surrender.

7. Prompt: Why did the Europeans have an interest in Africa in the late 15 th century?  1. Africans were backward people unable to defend their valuable natural resources.  2. Africans did not care about their fellow Africans and allowed them to be easily enslaved by the Europeans.  3. Africa was an attractive source of trade goods, including slave labor, which Europeans wanted.

8. Period 1: 1491-1607 Native Peopling and European Contact

9. Essential Questions (Day 1- Ch. 1) (Ensure you answer all Essential Questions with complete sentences)  1. How did environmental change shape the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of Life?  2. What were the principal differences among the Native American cultures that emerged after 2500 B.C.?  3. What significant values and practices did North American Indians share, despite their diversity?

10. CHAPTER 1 Native Peoples of America, to 1500

11. AP Focus  Origin and migration patterns of Native Americans  Similarities & differences among cultures  Economic basis for civilizations  Political & social structure of Native American societies  Religious and cultural beliefs in regards to land ownership  Global impact of agriculture

12. A Brief History of the Iroquois Confederacy 5 nations (once at war) 1. Onondaga 2. Mohawk 3. Oneida 4. Cayuga 5. Seneca

13. THE FIRST AMERICANS First humans likely arrived in 13,000 BCE

14. THE FIRST AMERICANS  “The earliest Paleo-Indians found success hunting large animals in America. By 9000 BCE, megafauna became extinct. This was a result of humans hunting them, as well as a warming climate (which disrupted the food chain). Humans were major beneficiaries of environmental change associated with the end of the Ice Age.”

15. The Ice Age is Melting! Archaic Peoples Maize in Mesoamerica

16. Cultural Diversity ca. 2500 BCE- CE 1500

17. Major Native American Cultures - Adena & Hopewell- Eastern Woodlands (circa 1200 BCE) - Hohokam- Southwest (c. 300 BCE) - Mayans- Yucatan Peninsula (c. 150 BCE) - Mississippians- Mississippi River Valley (c. 700 CE) - Aztecs- Mesoamerica (c.1420 CE) - Incas- South American Andes (c.1430 CE) By the time Columbus lands in the Western Hemisphere, most Native Americans live in Mesoamerica and South America

18. Mesoamerica and South America  _ Maize begins to dominate agriculture  _ Crop surpluses allow for more trade  _ Formal exchange networks form

19. Mesoamerica and South America  _ Laborers build elaborate temples & palaces  _ Teotihuacán  _ Powerful influence on the neighboring states (Mayans)

20. Mesoamerica and South America  _ Mayan Empire  _ From Mexico to Honduras  _ Calendar system, numerical value of 0  _ Hieroglyphic writing (massive library)  _ Astronomy

21. Mesoamerica and South America  _ Aztecs  _ Dominant warrior society  _ Empire built on satisfying the Gods… through blood  _ Massive temples  _ Maximized food production: artificial islands, irrigation systems

22. Mesoamerica and South America  _ Incas  _ Modern day Peru  _ Andes mountains  _ Advances farming techniques (due to rugged terrain)  _ Vast networks of roads

24. The Southwest & Non-farming Societies  “North American Cultures”  _ Maize reached southwest via trade  _ Ancestral Pueblo  _ Advanced architecture (pg. 12)  Plains Indians  _Hunter-gatherers (Bison)

26. First European Contact  _ Norse (ca. CE 980)  _ Scandanavia colonized Greenland  _ Hunted furs and traded with native Inuit groups

27. Review EQ’s (Day 1– Ch. 1)  1. How did environmental change shape the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of Life?  End of the Ice Age ended many big game species, encouraged agrarian societies  Glacial runoff created new habitats such as:  Great Lakes region  deciduous forests (East)  grassland prairies (Plains)  desert (west)

28. Review EQ’s (Day 1– Ch. 1)  2. What were the principal differences among the Native American cultures that emerged after 2500 B.C.?  Trade encouraged extensive religious and political systems  Selective breeding spawned large urban centers  Mayans- Yucatan Peninsula (circa 150 BCE)  Aztecs- Mesoamerica (circa 1420 CE)  Incas- South American Andes (circa 1430 CE)  Hohokam- Southwest (circa 300 BCE)  Political organization occurred before advanced horticulture  Adena & Hopewell- Eastern Woodlands (c. 1200 BCE)  Mississippians- Mississippi River Valley (c. 700 CE)

29. Review EQ’s (Day 1– Ch. 1)  3. What significant values and practices did North American Indians share, despite their diversity?  Kinship, reciprocity, and communal resourcing  New ideas & technology:  bow and arrow  ceramic pottery  rituals surrounding burial  Religious similarities:  All nature was alive  Strong sense of order & custom

30. Essential Questions  Review the Chapter 2 essential questions from your Period 1 packet with your natural partner. Be prepared to share your answers during class discussion.

31. Essential Questions (Day 2- Ch. 2) (Ensure you answer all Essential Questions with complete sentences)  1. What forces were transforming West Africa before the advent of the Atlantic slave trade?  2. How did European monarchs use commerce and religion to advance their nations’ fortunes?  3. What role did the Columbian exchange play in the formation of an Atlantic world?  4. How did European relations with Native Americans affect the success of early European colonizing efforts?

32. Chapter 2 The Rise of the Atlantic World, 1400- 1625

33. AP FOCUS  The Age of Discovery  Changing conception of slavery  Explorers & their discoveries  Columbian exchange- good and bad  Economic/political similarities & differences in European colonies  European (similarities & differences) relationships with Native Americans  Technology in the New World- “Sugar Production in the Americas”  Prejudices & expectations of Columbus- “First Encounters”

34. African and European Backgrounds  West Africa: Tradition and Change  Mali, Songhay, Senegambia, Kongo  Kinship and Mutual Obligation  Ancestor Worship

35. African and European Backgrounds  European Culture and Society  Renaissance  Status  Business Organization and the Joint-Stock Company

36. African and European Backgrounds  Religious Upheavals  Crusades and Reconquest  Protestant Reformation

37. African and European Backgrounds  The Reformation in England, 1533-1625  Counter-Reformation  Church of England  Puritanism

38.  Portugal and the Atlantic, 1440–1500  The “New Slavery”” and Racism  To the Americas and Beyond, 1492– 1522 Europe and the Atlantic World, 1440–1600

39.  Spain’s Conquistadors, 1492–1536  The Columbian Exchange

40. Footholds in North America, 1512–1625  Spain’s Northern Frontier  St. Augustine  New Mexico  Encomiendas  France: Colonizing Canada  Jacques Cartier  Samuel de Champlain and New France

41. Footholds in North America, 1512–1625  England and the Atlantic World,1558-1603  Roanoke  Failure and Success in Virginia,1603-1625  Pocahontas  Indentured servitude  New England Begins, 1614– 1625  Plymouth  A “New Netherland” on the Hudson, 1609–1625

42. Review EQ’s (Day 2– Ch. 2)  1. What forces were transforming West Africa before the advent of the Atlantic slave trade?  Maritime inexperience left West Africa relatively untouched  Trans-Saharan caravan trade built grassland kingdoms (ie. Mali, Dahomey)  Gold Coast created trade empires

43. Review EQ’s (Day 2– Ch. 2)  2. How did European monarchs use commerce and religion to advance their nations’ fortunes?  Monarchs began forcing peasants to pay taxes, rents, and other dues to landlords/ Church.  The Catholic Church began implementing the sale of indulgences which led to the Protestant Reformation.  Portugal opens trade along the Gold Coast.

44. Review EQ’s (Day 2– Ch. 2)  3. What role did the Columbian exchange play in the formation of an Atlantic world?  European conquest brings forced labor, disease, mass death  Portuguese begin importing African slaves to substitute Native American labor  New animals, agriculture, beliefs, languages, technologies alter the landscape and cultures of America, Europe, and Africa

45. Review EQ’s (Day 2– Ch. 2)  4. How did European relations with Native Americans affect the success of early European colonizing efforts?  Spanish enfluence kept other European nations from making contact with Native Americans (in the 16 th century)  Fur trade encouraged exchange between French and Native Americans  English colonies (Jamestown) encouraged mutual relationships with Native Americans