1. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 (a) Schematic diagram of microdroplet deposition system based on AVIFJ, (b) principle of microdroplet jetting based on AVIFJ, and (c) a typical printing nozzle Figure Legend:

2. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 Progression of the micromotion-based microdroplet formation process (images taken for 0.5% (w/v) sodium alginate solution) Figure Legend:

3. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 Force analysis diagram of fluid in two different capillary tubes: (a) straight cylindrical tube and (b) nonuniform cylindrical tube Figure Legend:

4. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 Quadratic waveform applied as a driving signal: (a) the displacement of the nozzle versus time and (b) the acceleration of the nozzle versus time Figure Legend:

5. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 Force analysis diagram of three zones in a nonuniform tube: (a) zone I, (b) zone II, and (c) zone III Figure Legend:

6. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 Spherical coordinate system used for zone II Figure Legend:

7. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 (a) Alternating viscous (sharp shape) and inertial force (square shape) in a straight cylindrical tube and (b) alternating viscous (sharp shape) and inertial force (square shape) in a nonuniform cylindrical tube Figure Legend:

8. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 Acceleration (a), velocity (c), and displacement (e) of fluid shown in a straight cylindrical tube, the counterparts for the nozzle are shown in lower left in each figure; acceleration (b), velocity (d), and displacement (f) of fluid shown in a nonuniform cylindrical tube, the counterparts for the nozzle are shown in upper right of each figure Figure Legend:

9. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 Relative displacement for comparing with predicted fluid flow motion: (a) captured images and measurement at selected time points and (b) comparison of the model prediction and the experimental measurements (printing conditions: 45 μm nozzle diameter, 90 V, 50 Hz, and 0.5%w/v alginate solution) Figure Legend:

10. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 Experiment result and model prediction of (a) microdroplet diameter and (b) microdroplet velocity (For all experimental data presented, N = 20 for each data point. Printing conditions: 45 μm nozzle diameter, 50 Hz, and 0.5%w/v alginate solution). Experiment result and model prediction of (c) microdroplet diameter and (d) microdroplet velocity (For all experimental data presented, N = 20 for each data point. Printing conditions: 45 μm nozzle diameter, 90 V, and 50 Hz). Experiment result and model prediction of (e) microdroplet diameter and (f) microdroplet velocity (For all experimental data presented, N = 20 for each data point. Printing conditions: 90 V, 50 Hz, and 0.5%w/v alginate solution). Figure Legend:

11. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 The minimum and maximum applied voltage for single droplet formation obtained from the model prediction and theexperimental data with varying process parameters: the nozzle diameter (a), the material viscosity (b), and the signal frequency (c) Figure Legend:

12. Date of download: 9/19/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Modeling on Microdroplet Formation for Cell Printing Based on Alternating Viscous-Inertial Force Jetting J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2016;139(1):011005-011005-10. doi:10.1115/1.4032768 Printed Hela cells on the cross-linked sodium alginate spread substrate: the cell viability of printed cells is about 95% Figure Legend: