2. VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Jnana Sangama, Belgaum-590014 A Seminar on “ AIRBAGS IN AUTOMOBILES ” Department of Mechanical Engg. PROUDHADEVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNPLOGY HOSPET- 2010-11

4. INTRODUCTION  Seat belts have been proven to be effective in saving lives and preventing or lessening injuries in automobile accidents.  The key to their success is that occupants must use these safety devices. Because seat belts require active use by the wearer,  Inventors developed passive restraints to ensure driver and passenger safety.  The first passive restraints were modifications of seat belts themselves; the belts built into tracks in the doors to wrap around the driver or passenger when the seat was occupied.  Concurrently, the airbag was devised as a secondary form of passive restraint during impact

5. INVENTION  An American inventor, John Wenrick, a retired industrial engineer,designed the original safety cushion for automotive use in 1952  Dr. David S. Breed, invented and developed A key component for automotive use: the ball-in-tube inertial sensor for crash detection.  Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation first in 1967 to Chrysler.  A similar "Auto-Ceptor" crash-restraint, developed by Eaton, Yale & Towne Inc. for Ford was soon offered as an automatic safety system in the USA,while the Italian Eaton-Livia company offered a variant with localized air cushions.

6. TERMINOLOGY Various manufacturers have used different terms for airbags. General Motors‘ first bags, in the 1974s, were marketed as Air Cushion Restraint System (ACRS). Common terms in North America include Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) and Supplemental Inflatable Restraint (SIR ); these terms reflect the airbag system's nominal role as a supplement to active restraints, i.e., seat belts used in Automobiles

7. Airbags As a Supplemental Restraint System(SRS) The auto industry and research and regulatory communities have moved away from their initial view of the airbag as a seat belt replacement, and the bags are now nominally designated as Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) or Supplemental Inflatable Restraints Variable force deployment front airbags were developed to help minimize injury from the airbag itself.

8. TYPES OF AIRBAGS

10.  Side airbag  The Citroën C4 provides the first "shaped" driver airbag, made possible by this car's unusual fixed hub steering wheel Side airbag inflated permanently for display purposes SHAPED AIRBAGS

11. SIDE AIRBAGS SIDE IMPACT or TORSO AIRBAGS SIDE CURTAIN AIRBAG Side impact or torso airbagsA side curtain airbag

12. 1.Side torso airbag  The Swedish company Autoliv AB, was granted a patent on side airbags, and they were first offered as an option in 1994 on the 1995 model Volvo 850, and as standard equipment on all Volvo cars made after 1995.  Located in the seat, and inflate between the seat occupant and the door  These airbags are designed to reduce the risk of injury to the pelvic and lower abdomen regions  Help reduce injury and ejection from the vehicle in rollover crashes.

13. 2. Side tubular or curtain airbag :  In 1998 the Volvo S80 was first given curtain airbags to protect both front and rear passengers.  In 1998 Toyota also began offering the side curtain airbag deploying from the roof on the Progress.  Curtain Air bag is located in the roof beam of vehicle door.  These airbags come in various forms (e.g., tubular, curtain, door- mounted) depending on the needs of the application.  Curtain airbags have been said to reduce brain injury or fatalities by up to 45% in a side impact with an SUV

14.  Knee airbag:  The first driver's separate knee airbag was used in the 1996 model Kia Sportage vehicle and has been standard equipment since then.  The Toyota Avensis became the first vehicle sold in Europe equipped with a driver's knee airbag.  Located beneath the steering wheel.  Knee airbags are designed to reduce leg injury.  Certain models have also included front passenger knee airbags.

15.  Rear curtain airbag:  In 2008, the Toyota IQ launched featuring the first production rear curtain shield airbag  Protect the rear occupants' heads in the event of a rear end impact.  Center airbag: In 2009, Toyota developed the first production rear-seat center airbag designed Reduce the severity of secondary injuries to rear passengers in a side collision. This system deploys from the rear center console first appearing in on the redesigned Crown Majesta.

16.  Seat belt airbag:  In 2009, the S-class ESF safety concept car showcased seatbelt airbags.  They will be included standard on the production Lexus LFA in late 2010, and the 2011 Ford Explorer will offer rear seatbelt airbags as an option

17. GL 1800 Goldwing AIRBAGS ON MOTORCYCLES  In 2006 Honda introduced the firstHonda production motorcycle airbag safety systemmotorcycle on its Gold Wing (GL1800) motorcycle.  Sensors in the front forks can detect a severe frontal collision and decide when to deploy the airbag.  Airbag suits have also been developed for use by Motorcycle Grand Prix riders.Motorcycle Grand Prix

18. AIRBAG INFLATION:  The Air bag itself is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded into the steering wheel or dashboard.  The Crash sensor is the device that tells the bag to inflate.Inflation happens when there is a collision force equal to running into a brick wall at 10 to 15 miles per hour (16 to 24 kmh).  The sensors receive information from an accelerometer built into a microchip  The airbag's inflation system reacts sodium azide (NaN3) with potassium nitrate (KNO3) to produce nitrogen gas. Hot blasts of the nitrogen inflate the airbag

19. “ The inflation system uses a solid propellant and an igniter ”

20.  Injuries and fatalities  Airbags can injure or kill vehicle occupants.  Injuries such as abrasion of the skin, hearing damage from the extremely loud 165-175 dB deployment explosion, head injuries, eye damage, and broken nose, arms can occur as the airbag deploys.dB  Serious injuries are less common, but severe or fatal injuries can occur to vehicle occupants who are in direct contact when it deploys.  Scientists have developed third generation airbag systems that can adjust their deployment parameters to size, weight, position and restraint status of the occupant. These improvements have reduced injury risks for adults and children who had an increased risk of injury with first generation airbag systems.

21. SAFETY CONCERNS  Researchers have determined that the risk zone for driver airbags is the first 2 to 3 inches (5 to 8 cm) of inflation. So, placing yourself 10 inches (25 cm) from your driver airbag gives you a clear margin of safety. For Drivers :  Move your seat to the rear as far as possible while still reaching the pedals comfortably.  Point the airbag toward your chest, instead of your head and neck, by tilting your steering wheel downward (this only works if your steering wheel is adjustable)  Slightly recline the back of your seat. Although car designs vary, most drivers can achieve the 10-inch distance even with the driver seat all the way forward by slightly reclining the back of the seat.

22. For Childrens:  Children 12 and under should ride buckled up in a properly installed, age-appropriate car seat in the rear seat.car seat  Infants in rear-facing child seats (under one year old and weighing less than 20 pounds / 10 kg) should never ride in the front seat of a car that has a passenger-side airbag.  If a child over one year old must ride in the front seat with a passenger-side airbag, he or she should be in a front-facing child safety seat, a booster seat or a properly fitting lap/shoulder belt, and the seat should be moved as far back as possible

23. Adjustable Shoulder-Belt Mount Head Restraint Air Bag Crash Sensors Gases Vent Opening Occupant Protection

24. The Future of Airbags Until recently, most of the strides made in auto safety were in front and rear impacts, even though 40% of all serious injuries from accidents are the result of side impacts, and 30 % of all accidents are side-impact collisions. Volvo engineers experimented with different Volvo ways of mounting side airbags and chose seat-back installation because that protects passengers of all sizes regardless of how the seat is positioned. BMW engineers have chosen door-mounted airbags. The door has more space, allowing for a bigger bag that provides more coverage.

25. BMW engineers have chosen door-mounted airbags. The door has more space, allowing for a bigger bag that provides more coverage. The head airbag, or Inflatable Tubular Structure (ITS), looks a little like a big sausage and, unlike other airbags, is designed to stay inflated for about five seconds to offer protection against second or third impacts.Inflatable Tubular Structure You can expect many advances in this field as designers come up with new ideas and learn from real-world crash data.