1. The First Crusade Week 3, Lecture 1

2. Stephen Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 1951-54 The triumphs of the Crusade were the triumphs of faith. But faith without wisdom is a dangerous thing. By the inexorable laws of history, the whole world pays for the crimes and follies of each of its citizens. In the long sequence of interaction and fusion between Occident and Orient out of which our civilization has grown, the Crusades were a tragic and destructive episode. The historian as he gazes back across the centuries at their gallant story must find his admiration overcast by sorrow at the witness that it bears to the limitations of human nature. There was so much courage and so little honour, so much devotion and so little understanding. High ideas were besmirched by cruelty and greed, enterprise and endurance by a blind and narrow self-righteousness; and the Holy War itself was nothing more than a long act of intolerance in the name of God, which is a sin against the Holy Ghost.

3. The First Crusade, 1095-99 What were Pope Urban II’s goals in calling for the Crusade? How did they compare with the goals of Emperor Alexius I Comnenus? How did the Islamic empires respond to the Crusads? What were the consequences of the Crusade for the Jews living in Northern Europe?

4. Reforming Latin Christianity Growth of papal monarchy –Clashes with secular monarchy –Investiture Controversy (1075-1122) Peace of God, Truce of God Schism with Eastern Christianity, 1054

5. 11 th Century Byzantium Squeezed between numerous enemies Turkic peoples –Seljuks (also spelled Selçuks, Seljuqs, Saljuks, etc.) 1071: Battle of Manzikert –Emperor Romanus II Diogenes (r. 1068-71) –Sultan Alp Arslan (r. 1063-72)

7. Seljuk Empire, 1092

8. Sultan Alp Arslan humiliates Emperor Romanus Diogenes Image: 15 th -century French illustration of the scene

9. Norman Kingdom of Italy, mid-11 th - 12 th centuries Armed pilgrims? Wars of conquest, 1046- 77. Robert Guiscard aka Robert the Weasel, b. 1015-d. 1085 –Imprisoned Pope Leo IX –Cooperated with Pope Gregory VII... to an extent –Norman sack of Rome, 1084

11. 1095 Pope Urban II (r. 1088-99) Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus (r. 1081-1118) Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV (r. 1056- 1105) Council of Clermont, November 1095 Fulcher of Chartres, French chaplain

12. Blurring the Lines Militia ChristiMilitia saecularis

13. Militia Christi SEVERELY IDEALIZED VERSION!!!

14. The “Peoples’ Crusade” Peter the Hermit, Peter the Little Army assembled in Köln (Cologne), Germany, in April 1096 Image: Peter the Hermit pointing the way to Jerusalem. French, c. 1270.

15. The Jewish Massacres of 1096 Source: Solomon bar Simson, Hebrew chronicler, 1140s Attack on the Jews at Mainz Speyer, Worms, Ratisbon, Prague, more Why?

16. Crusade! Winter of 1096-Spring 1097: the Latin nobles arrive in Constantinople Fealty to the emperor? Whaaat?? Bohemond of Taranto (1058-1111) Warfare all over Asia Minor Sources: Fulcher of Chartres, Ibn Al-Athir, Anna Comnena

18. Was the Crusade a Success? Objective achieved: Conquest of Jerusalem, July 15, 1099 “God Wills It” (Dieu le vult) Crusader states, or Outremer

21. New Religious Orders Pilgrimage increases Hugh de Paynes, 1119 Knights Templar –Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon –Function: support and protection of pilgrims Bernard of Clairveaux, “In Support of the New Knighthood”

22. Krak des Chevaliers, Syria: a Crusader castle