2. Notes - Matter Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space. Almost everything! Matter is made of submicroscopic particles called atoms. Atoms are the smallest whole unit of matter. Atoms are made up of three main subatomic particles called– protons, electrons, neutrons.

3. Matter can be made of only one type of atom or a combination of different atoms. –Matter with only one type of atom it is called an element. –There are 118 types of elements (atoms). 92 of them are naturally occurring atoms. –Matter with different types of atoms chemically combined are called compounds and molecules. Matter has four phases or states. –Solid –Liquid –Gas –Plasma

4. Phases of Matter SolidLiquidGas Many particles in given space. Fewer particles in given space. Very few particles in given space. Definite volume. Indefinite volume.

5. Strong attraction between atoms Weaker attraction between atoms than solids. Very weak attraction between atoms. Particles vibrate in place. Particles slip and slide past each other. Particles move freely, but many collisions Particles move slowly.Particles move faster.Particles move very fast. Retains its shape.Takes the shape of container. Particles are often arranged in a pattern (Crystaline). Particles are not in a pattern.

6. Usually hard to compress. Almost always hard to compress. Very easy to compress. Do not flow. Exception - some amorphous solids. Flow. Bill Nye: Matter 1/3 Very large range of densities Smaller range of densities Very low densities Less than 1 g/ml

7. Defo

8. Bill Nye: Matter 2/3 shape of container particles in a pattern shape of container particles NOT in a pattern

9. Think-Pair-Share 1)What is your definition of temperature? 2)What is your “measure” of what is “hot” and what is “cold”? Boiling? Freezing?

10. Heat Heat - “Thermal energy in transit”. It is the energy of moving particles (atoms and molecules) transferring from one substance to another. ***Energy flows from high to low. Kinetic Energy - The energy of motion (‘kine’ - to move). Temperature - is a measure of the average kinetic energy of moving particles. The faster the particles are moving, the higher the temperature. Absolute Zero - when particles are no longer moving. The particles have no kinetic energy. Zero Kelvin = −273.15°Celcius = −459.67°Farenheit Bill Nye: Absolute Zero Bill Nye: Absolute Zero

11. Freezing Condensation MeltingVaporization Sublimation Energy Absorbed - Energy is added Energy Released - Energy is removed Deposition

13. Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) Nitrogen that is cold enough to exist in liquid form. Boils @ −195.8°Celcius or −320.4°Fahrenheit Expansion Rate 1:694 Non-toxic, odorless, inert, non-flammable Nitrogen = 78% of air we breathe Common uses: Freezing food for transport Coolant – superconductors Cryotherapy Cryopreservation

14. Important Properties of Phases Solids Crystalline- atoms are clearly arranged in a 3-D pattern. Examples - minerals, diamonds, ice. Amorphous – atoms are not arranged in a pattern. Examples - rubber, wax, glass.

15. Liquids - Viscosity – a liquid’s resistance to flow. Example - oil is more viscous than water. *Can be affected by temperature. Surface tension - the force of attraction between particles at the surface of a liquid. Examples - meniscus, droplets, water strider.

16. Gases Pressure Science Starter: What is pressure? How do you think we measure pressure? Pressure – The amount of force per unit area Depends on the number of collisions and energy of collisions by the molecules against a surface; if temperature increases then molecules increase speed, so they would hit the sides more often and with more energy, so pressure would go up So temperature affects pressure……and volume does too…….

17. Gases Charles Law - When the pressure of a gas remains constant (unchanging) and the temperature of a gas increases, the volume of the gas increases. And vice- versa. Jacques Charles

18. Boyles law- When the temperature of a gas remains constant (unchanging) and the pressure on the gas increases, the volume of the gas decreases. And vice-versa. Robert Boyle

19. Gas Laws Temperature/Pressure/Volume Charles Law With constant Pressure, Temperature and Volume are directly proportional Boyles Law With constant Temperature, Pressure and Volume are INdirectly proportional

20. Why does an object sink or float? Density d = m / v DENSITY OF WATER = 1 g/cm 3 If an object is LESS dense than the surrounding fluid, it will FLOAT If an object is MORE dense than the surrounding fluid, it will SINK. If an object has the SAME density as the surrounding fluid, it will HOVER (float in the middle of the fluid) But what determines density…….?

21. CHANGING DENSITY You can change an object ’ s density by: 1.Increasing/decreasing its mass 2.Increasing/decreasing its volume Go to ActivInspire m v d =

22. Density and Mass are directly proportional: With constant volume, increasing the mass increases the density. Density and Volume are INdirectly proportional: With constant mass, increasing the volume decreases the density.

23. BUOYANCY BUOYANCY = the ability to float in a fluid. Examples of fluids = water, air BUOYANT FORCE = the upward force that acts on a submerged object. –It acts opposite of gravity

24. Buoyancy

26. WEIGHT OF OBJECT BUOYANT FORCE THE BIGGER FORCE WINS, SO THE BLOCK SINKS

27. Which one is easier to pick up? Why?

28. This beach ball floats. Why?

29. Because the Buoyant Force is greater than the weight of the ball.

30. ARCHIMEDES ’ PRINCIPLE The buoyant force acting on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces.

32. ARCHIMEDES ’ PRINCIPLE states that the WEIGHT of the amount of water displaced is equal to the BUOYANT FORCE.

33. Buoyancy Buoyant force is the upward force on an object exerted by the surrounding fluid. 1.When an object is submerged in water (fluid), it displaces a certain amount of water. 2.The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water displaced. Weight of Object = Weight of Water Displaced OBJECT FLOATS!!!!!

35. WHICH ONE IS MORE LIKELY TO FLOAT? LIKELY TO FLOAT? B A Mass = 90 kg

36. DENSITY & BUOYANCY Having a lower density than water means that the beach ball ’ s buoyant force is higher than the weight of the beach ball. WATER SO THE BEACH BALL FLOATS.

37. DENSITY & BUOYANCY Having a higher density than water means that the cinder block ’ s buoyant force is lower than the weight of the cinder block. WATER SO THE CINDER BLOCK SINKS.

38. DENSITY & BUOYANCY Having the same density as water means that the boot ’ s buoyant force is equal to the weight of the boot. WATER SO THE BOOT NEITHER SINKS NOR FLOATS, ITHOVERS

39. AN OBJECT FLOATS CAUSES: Weight is less than the buoyant force. Object is less dense than the fluid Object decreases its mass and becomes less dense than the fluid. Object increases its volume and becomes less dense than the fluid.

40. AN OBJECT SINKS CAUSES: 1.Weight is greater than the buoyant force. 2.Object is denser than the fluid 3.Object increases its mass and becomes denser than the fluid. 4.Object decreases its volume and becomes denser than the fluid.

42. Conservation of Matter Matter cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be rearranged to form new substances.