1. PEOPLES’ FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY OF RUSSIA ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT Degree Work Thesis : Analyzing the Problem of Extension of the Kyoto Flexible Mechanisms after the First Commitment Period Mironova Ekaterina Supervisor of studies: Prof. Sidorenko S.N. Doctor of Chemical Sciences Moscow 2011

2. Object: the Kyoto Protocol and its flexible mechanisms Study purpose: Data systematization and analysis of the problem of extension of the Kyoto flexible mechanisms after the first Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol in 2012.

3. Formulated problem 1. To systematize the available data on the basic provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. 2. To analyze the Kyoto flexible mechanisms. 3. To examine and analyze the process of Joint Implementation Projects in Russia. 4. To make a conclusion about the current affairs of the Kyoto flexible mechanisms extension. 5. To work out some recommendations on the new International Agreement on Climate Change.

4. The Kyoto Protocol 11 December 1997 – the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol 16 February 2005 – entry into force

5. greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide Methane (GWP – 21) Nitrous oxide (GWP – 310) Sulphur hexafluoride (GWP – 23900) Hydrofluorocarbons (GWP – 140-11700) Perfluorocarbons (GWP – 6500-9200)

6. Сommitments European Union – 8 % Japan and Canada – 6 % Eastern Europe – 8 % Russia and Ukraine – 0% The average reduction is 5.2% from the1990 levels by the year 2012

7. Flexibility Mechanisms Article 17 – International Emissions Trading (IET) Article 12 – Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) Article 6 – Joint Implementation (JI)

8. Joint Implementation Projects market 1. Russia – 58 % 2. Ukraine – 16 % 3. Bulgaria – 7 % 4. Czech Republic – 1 % 5. Rumania – 2 % 6. Poland – 5 % 7. Hungary – 1 % 8. Estonia – 2 % 9. Latvia – 1 % 10.Lithuania – 5 % 11.Slovakia – 1 % 12.Germane – 1 % Potentially, the Russian JIP market accounts for 58% of the world one

9. Possible scenarios The first commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol ends in 2012. The question now is what comes next? 1. The second commitment period. Supporters : developing countries such as China, India, Brazil 2. A new legally binding agreement Supporters : developed countries such as Japan, Russia, Canada

10. Top-ten emitters China – 17% United States – 16% European Union-27 – 11% Indonesia - 6% India – 5% Russia – 5% Brazil – 4% Japan – 3% Canada – 2% Mexico – 2%

11. recommendations: 1. To follow the National Allocation Plan. 2. Developing country Parties have to recognize the National Allocation Plan as international commitments. 3. Developing countries have to come to agreement with industrialized countries and to make a compromise.

12. recommendations: 4. To consider the new International Agreement on Climate Change as a legally binding agreement. 5. To keep the increase in the global average temperature below 2 degrees Celsius.

13. THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!