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Quiz Friday (know about EM types and Herschel’s experiment)
Wednesday March 2 Thursday March 3 Unit Question What do we know about the universe? How do we know it? Guiding Question / Learning Target How do we know what we know about the universe? Warm-up How did we first have evidence of radiation (energy) that couldn’t be seen? Agenda Demos Reading Homework Quiz Friday (know about EM types and Herschel’s experiment) Herschel’s experiment: there’s heat past red, but no visible light.
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Orion Constellation from Earth
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Orion in Gas, Dust, and Stars Image Credit & Copyright: Rogelio Bernal Andreo (Deep Sky Colors)Explanation: The constellation of Orion holds much more than three stars in a row. A deep exposure shows everything from dark nebula to star clusters, all embedded in an extended patch of gaseous wisps in the greater Orion Molecular Cloud Complex. The brightest three stars on the far left are indeed the famous three stars that make up the belt of Orion. Just below Alnitak, the lowest of the three belt stars, is the Flame Nebula, glowing with excited hydrogen gas and immersed in filaments of dark brown dust. Below the frame center and just to the right of Alnitak lies the Horsehead Nebula, a dark indentation of dense dust that has perhaps the most recognized nebular shapes on the sky. On the upper right lies M42, the Orion Nebula, an energetic caldron of tumultuous gas, visible to theunaided eye, that is giving birth to a new open cluster of stars. Immediately to the left of M42 is a prominent bluish reflection nebula sometimes called the Running Man that houses many bright blue stars. The above image, a digitally stitched composite taken over several nights, covers an area with objects that are roughly 1,500 light years away and spans about 75 light years.
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Problems with being on the ground
Why do you think the previous image was taken from satellites in space, rather than from telescopes on the ground. Can you think of things that might interfere with telescopes on the ground?
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Why is the study of EM radiation important, especially for astronomers?
Radio 408MHz Atomic Hydrogen Radio 2.5GHz Molecular H infrared Mid Infrared Near Infrared Optical X-Ray Gamma
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The EM Spectrum & the Atmosphere
What are some limitations for telescopes on Earth? What other things might cause difficulties for astronomers building telescopes on the ground?
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What Problem Is Illustrated How Do Astronomers Reduce This Problem
Demos! Demonstration What Happened What Problem Is Illustrated How Do Astronomers Reduce This Problem
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Lights What does this this demonstration tell us about the effects of surrounding light on our ability to see the stars clearly? Lights make stars less clear and hide them What type of problem that astronomers face does this resemble? Light pollution How should we fix this problem? Build telescopes far away from cities
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Pouring Water Did using the bigger container result in more or less water collected? More water with a bigger opening What type of problem that astronomers face does this resemble? Stars only give so much energy What is the solution? Bigger is definitely better!
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Hair Dryer Did the object change its appearance when the dryer was on?
Jumped / shimmered / rippled What type of problem that astronomers face does this resemble? Wind (and a little hot air) How do we solve this? Build telescopes where air is stable like on tops of mountains
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Also breath this AM
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Air canister What did you see?
fog / cloud What is the effect of the gas cloud on your ability to see distant objects? Makes it harder to see What type of problem that astronomers face does this resemble? clouds Build telescopes in dry areas such as deserts and mountaintops
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Milk What did you see? light trapped by reflection and refraction in the milk What was the effect of the milk on the laser beam? Less energy made it through, milky water turned pink as light bounced around What type of problem that astronomers face does this resemble? atmosphere trapping and distorting and filtering energies What is the solution? Build telescopes as high as possible like on mountaintops or in space
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The EM Spectrum & the Atmosphere
The atmosphere blocks most EM radiation from reaching the surface Good for us, but bad for astronomers!
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What don’t we see at night?
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Summary… Stars and other celestial objects are so far away from us that the only thing about them that astronomers can study is the energy that travels from them to us here on Earth. We cannot travel to them for close-up study. Even the Sun, the nearest star to us, is far enough away that we can only study the light that comes from it.
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The Many Faces of the Sun
Write a brief description of each image in your table. You can include a description of: the surface (smooth, grainy, dark, light, etc.) whether there are spots on the light or dark "spots" on the surface or whether there are features extending out beyond the surface of the Sun.
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The Many Faces of the Sun
Radio Wave Image Visible Image Infrared Image Ultraviolet Image X-Ray Image
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The Many Faces of the Sun
Visible Image Radio Wave Image Infrared Image Ultraviolet Image X-Ray Image
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We need different eyes! Visible Light Image of the Sun Taken by Big Bear Solar Observatory (Southern California)
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We need different eyes! Infrared Light Image of the Sun Taken by McMath-Pierce telescope (Kitt Peak, Tucson, AZ)
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Radio Wave Image of the Sun Nobeyama Radio Observatory (Japan)
We need different eyes! Radio Wave Image of the Sun Taken by Nobeyama Radio Observatory (Japan)
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We need different eyes! Ultraviolet Light Image of the Sun Taken by SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) orbits the Sun
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Yohkoh satellite (orbits the Earth)
We need different eyes! X-ray Image of the Sun Taken by Yohkoh satellite (orbits the Earth)
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Not just different kinds, Different places!
Why were some images taken from earth, and some from space? Not as much Ultraviolet and X-ray energy reaches earth because it’s blocked by the atmosphere. Radio, visible light, and infrared radiation all come through enough we can study them from earth.
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The Many Faces of the Sun
Visible Image Radio Wave Image Infrared Image Ultraviolet Image X-Ray Image
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Videos of the Sun X-ray vs. visible light picture
Why are the two images different? X-ray video of the surface of the sun Look what happens to the gases!
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Read “By the Light of a Star”
Complete Data Table on your own paper: Wavelength Kind of EM waves Everyday example Astronomical example Shortest Longest Ultraviolet Sunburns
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Exit Question Radio waves have the (shortest/longest) wavelengths and the (least/most) energy. Gamma rays have the (shortest/longest) wavelengths and the (least/most) energy.
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