1. Unit 2 – Present Perfect Simple and Continuous This summary refers to your student’s book, pages 20 to 23. Do not forget to consult your workbook. For further practice on this subject, you may use the following links: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-progressive

2. Present Perfect Simple X Present Perfect Continuous Ann’s clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling. “Has been painting” is the present perfect continuous. We are interested in the activity. In this example, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished yet. Subject + have/has + been + verb + ING

3. Present Perfect Simple X Present Perfect Continuous The ceiling was white. Now it is red. She has painted the ceiling. “Has painted” is the present perfect simple. Here, the important thing is that something has been finished. ‘Has painted’ is a completed action. Subject + have/has + verb (past participle)

4. They have been waiting for the bus for 40 minutes. ( the bus has just arrived ) The present perfect continuous can be used when there is evidence that the action has just finished. She has been crying. (she is not crying anymore, but we can see it in her eyes)

5. Attention to these examples: Linda is from Australia. She is traveling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago. (travel/ for three months) She has been traveling for three months. (Present Perfect Continuous – she started three months ago and continues up to now). (visit/ six countries so far) She has visited six countries so far. (Present Perfect Simple – it shows how many countries she’s visited).

6. Unit 3 – Order of Adjectives This summary refers to your student’s book, page 35. Do not forget to consult your workbook. For further practice on this subject, you may use the following links: http://esl.about.com/od/grammarstructures/a/adjective_order.htm http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise- english-42493.php http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/exercises/adjectiveorder.htm

7. Order of adjectives O S A Sh C OM Adjectives usually precede the noun in this order: Opinion – Size – Age – Shape – Colour – Origin - Material I’ve just seen a beautiful big flat green fish. We’re driving a comfortable, big, modern, red, American car.