1. YOU WILL NEED AND USE THIS ALL YEAR!

2. PHRASES & CLAUSES THAT WILL HELP YOU WITH GRAMMAR AND ENHANCE YOUR SENTENCES

3. INDEPENDENT CLAUSES 1) INDEPENDENT CLAUSES CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND A VERB. 2) IT IS A COMPLETE SENTENCE AND EXPRESSES A COMPLETE THOUGHT. EXAMPLE: TAYLOR SPENT THE NIGHT WITH MEGAN ON THURSDAY.

4. DEPENDENT CLAUSE 1) THEY DO NOT EXPRESS A COMPLETE THOUGHT. 2) THEY ARE EITHER MISSING A SUBJECT OR A VERB. EXAMPLE: IF TAYLOR COULD SPEND THE NIGHT, MEGAN COULD HELP HER WITH HER MATH.

5. 1) NOW, YOU WRITE AN INDEPENDET CLAUSE WITH A DEPENDENT CLAUSE. 2) DOUBLE SPACE IT AND LABEL EACH.

6. APPOSITIVE PHRASE 1) An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. 2)The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Example: The insect, a multi-colored butterfly, landed on Megan's shoulder.

7. 1) NOW YOU WRITE A SENTENCE WITH AN APPOSITIVE PHRASE DESCRIBING A PERSON. 2)IT IS ALWAYS SEPARATED BY COMMAS!

8. ABSOLUTE PHRASE An absolute phrase combines a noun and a participle with any accompanying modifiers or objects. Example: Legs quivering, our dog Jake dreamed of chasing deer. Example: Her arms folded across her chest, Mrs. Smith warned the class to stop talking.

9. SO...WHAT IS A PARTICIPLE? A PARTICIPLE IS A WORD FORMED FROM A VERB BUT IS ACTING AS AN ADJECTIVE OR NOUN. EXAMPLE: THE SMILING CHILD.

10. NOW YOU WRITE AN ABSOLUTE PHRASE. AN EXAMPLE: HANDS SHAKING, SHE GAVE HER SPEECH.

11. GERUND PHRASE A gerund phrase will begin with a gerund, an ing word, and will include other modifiers and/or objects. Gerund phrases always function as nouns, so they will be subjects, subject complements, or objects in the sentence. Example: Running in the heat is not a favorite hobby of mine.

12. NOW YOU WRITE A GERUND PHRASE IN A SENTENCE. REMEMBER: IT ALWAYS ENDS IN "ING" BUT IT FUNCTIONS AS A NOUN. THE PHRASE BECOMES THE SUBJECT

13. INFINITIVE PHRASE 1) An infinitive phrase will always begin with an infinitive (to + simple verb). 2) The phrase will include objects and it's modifiers. 3) Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Example: To avoid burning another bag of popcorn, Megan stayed close to the microwave.

14. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle. If the participle is present, it will dependably end in ing. Likewise, a regular past participle will end in a consistent ed. Examles: Next slide

15. EXAMPLES OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES Example: The horse running towards us hopes that we have an apple. Example: Clogged with hair, the pipe drained slowly.

16. 1. NOW YOU WRITE TWO PARTICIPIAL PHRASES. 2. ONE WITH AN "ED" AND ONE WITH AN "ING."