1. ‘All that is psychological is first physiological’

2.  Human beings are biological systems.  Biological level of analysis argues that there are physiological origins of behaviour.  Brain imaging technology development made it possible to directly study living brains and to correlate specific areas of brain with behaviour  Advances in psychopharmacology* have led to the development of new medications for problems as diverse as depression, anxiety disorders and Alzheimer’s disease.  After Darwin’s theory of evolution, animals came to be studied to study human behaviour. With the completion of projects like human genome project and the chimpanzee genome project, the contribution of genes to our behaviour is becoming better understood. *psychopharmacology= the field of medicine that addresses the balance of chemicals in the brain

3.  One of major controversies in psychology  Is human behaviour result of biology or environment?  Interactionist approach used by modern psychologists does not rely solely on either but adopts a more holistic approach  This is also the goal of IB psychology

4. The Core of the IB course

5. not solely  Behaviour is not solely the result of biological systems alone.  Should also consider how environment and cognition may interact with biological systems and physiology  This relationship is bi-directional i.e. Biology can affect cognition and cognition can affect biology

6.  Many physiological factors play a role in behaviour e.g. hormones, neurotransmitters, genes  Physiology does not work alone, it responds to environmental stimuli

7.  Split into two components: 1.) Physiology and Behaviour 2.) Genetics and Behaviour

8.  Outline principles that define the biological level of analysis  Explain how principles that define the biological level of analysis may be demonstrated in research (that is, theories and/or studies).  Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the biological level of analysis  Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of analysis.

9.  Explain one study related to localization of function in the brain  Using one or more examples, explain effects of neurotransmission on human behaviour  Using one or more examples, explain functions of two hormones in human behaviour.  Discuss two effects of the environment on physiological processes  Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behaviour  Discuss the use of brain imaging technologies in investigating the relationship between biological factors and behaviour.

10.  With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent does genetic inheritance influence behaviour?  Examine one evolutionary explanation of behaviour.  Discuss ethical considerations in research into genetic influences on behaviour.

11. 1. Einstein’s brain is different than our brains. 2. We only use 10% of our brain. 3. Listening to Mozart makes you smarter. 4. People are either “right-brained” or “left-brained”. 5. Drinking alcohol always kills brain cells. 6. Brain damage is always permanent. 7. The heart is more important for love than the brain. 8. The human brain is larger than any other animal brain.

12. Draw & label the following parts on your shower cap: Lobes: occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal Cerebellum, pons, pituitary gland Specialist areas: Hippocampus, amgydala, thalamus, hypothalamus

13.  Outline principles that define the biological level of analysis  Explain how principles that define the biological level of analysis may be demonstrated in research (through theories and/or studies)

14. 1. There are biological correlates of behaviour 2. Animal research can provide insight into behaviour 3. Human behaviour is, to some extent, genetically based

15.  Physiological origins of behaviour e.g. neurotransmitters, hormones, specialized brain areas  Implication is that it should be possible to link specific biological factor (e.g. a hormone) and a specific behaviour  This is the aim of researchers working at the biological level of analysis  Biological researchers often adopt a reductionist approach*  Sometimes criticised for being too simplistic * reductionism= attempt to explain complex behaviour in terms of simple causes

16. Newcomer et al. (1999)  Performed experiment on the role of stress hormone cortisol on verbal declarative memory  Participants listened to a prose paragraph and had to recall is as a test of verbal declarative memory  Group 1 showed worst performance on task  Shows that an increase in cortisol has a negative effect on memory Group 1 (high dose)Group 2 (low dose)Group 3 (control) Tablets containing 160mg of cortisol for 4 days Tablets containing 40mg of cortisol for 4 days Placebo Tablets

17.  Watch the video about Phineas Gage... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvpIRN9D4 D4

18. Phineas Gage Iron rod blew threw his skull and he turned into a jerk Shows that behavior has a physiological basis (his personality changed) Shows there are biological correlates of behavior (after his frontal lobe was damaged he lost his ability to restrain himself)

19.  A significant amount of research uses animals to study physiological processes  It is assumed that most biological processes in animals are the same as humans  One important reason for using animals is that there is a lot of research where humans cannot be used for ethical reasons

20. Rozenweig and Bennet (1972)  Performed experiment with rats  Wanted to study role of environmental factors on brain plasticity  Rats spent up to 60 days in their respective environments before being killed  Brains of rats in group 1 showed a thicker layer of neurons in the cortex than group 2  Shows that brain grows more neurons if stimulated Group 1Group 2 Enriched environment- lots of toys Deprived environment- no toys

21.  If we believe that genetics influence our behaviour it is also logical to assume evolution plays a role  A key way in which we study evolution is by looking at the behaviour of our closest relatives  Watch the video on Chimps and fairness http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- KSryJXDpZo

22.  Behaviour can, to some extent, be explained by genetic inheritance  RARELY seen as the full explanation  Genetic inheritance should be seen as genetic predisposition which can be affected by environmental factors  Therefore logical to believe that evolution may play key role in behaviour

23.  Researchers interested in genetic origin of behaviour often use twin studies  Identical twins (monozygotic twins- MZ) are 100% genetically identical as they are developed from the same egg  Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins- DZ) have developed from 2 different eggs. They share around 50% of their genes and are no more similar than regular siblings.

24.  Twin Research NEVER shows 100% concordance rate*  Therefore it is believed that genes are a predisposing factor rather than the cause of behaviour  It is also important to consider environmental factors that could affect genetic predisposition *statistical measure of similarity

25. Bouchard et al. (1990)  Minnesota Twin Study  Longitudinal study* investigating role of genes in IQ**  Shows a link between genetic inheritance and intelligence but does not rule out the role of environment *study that takes place over long period of time often years Monozygotic Twins (MZ) reared apart Monozygotic Twins (MZ) reared together Concordance rate of IQ of 76%Concordance rate of IQ of 86%

26.  Watch the video on MZ twins separated at birth... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REhKa3_oH L8