1. 1. Dehydration Synthesis Builds macromolecules from monomers Removal of water

2. 2. Hydrolysis Splits macromolecule into monomers Addition of water (“water splitting”

3. 3. Carbohydrates are made from sugars. Hydrolysis of carbohydrates gives you sugar molecules

4. 4. Dehydration Synthesis

5. 5. + 6. Starch is hydrolyzed into sugars. It will start to taste sweet The enzymes for this reaction are only in your mouth and small intestine

6. 7. a. Nucleotide  RNA H b. Glycerol + Fatty acids  FatD c. Glycogen  GlucoseH d. Fructose + Glucose  SucroseD e. DNA  NucleotidesD f. Glucose + Galactose  LactoseD

7. 9. Macromolecule table MacromoleculeMonomer Class of Macromolecule Function StarchGlucoseCarbohydrate Energy storage in plants RNA NucleotideNucleic acid Translate genetic information into proteins Glycogen Sugars Carbohydrate Energy storage in animals CelluloseSugars Carbohydrate Component of plant cell wall DNA Nucleotides Nucleic Acid Store genetic information Fat Glycerol + Fatty Acids Lipid Energy storage, insulation SteroidNo monomer, made of 4 fused rings LipidHormones, cholesterol in cell membrane

8. Enzymes Biological Catalysts

9. Enzymes Do….Do Not… Speed up chemical reactions Allow reactions to occur with less energy input Provide energy for the reaction End up altered or used up or in the product Change the net effect of the reaction (the products are the same with or without an enzyme)

10. Some reactions are EndothermicExothermic The products have MORE energy than the reactants These reactions absorb energy/heat i.e. an artificial ice pack. The products have less energy than the reactants Energy/heat is released I.e. TNT

11. All reactions… Require an initial input of energy Something has to get the reaction started – even if energy will eventually be released Called the activation energy i.e. lighting the fuse on a bomb

12. Why? It takes energy to break bonds More energy = moving faster = easier for molecules to separate Energy is released when new bonds form

13. I.e. It takes energy to split lactose and water Energy is released when new bonds are formed Energy Energy

14. So What Do Enzymes Do? They make it easier to break bonds Thus they lower the activation energy So reactions can happen more easily with less energy

15. Enzyme Terminology Substrate = reactant Active site = place on enzyme where the substrate can bind Induced fit = enzyme changes shape when substrate binds

16. Enzymes are Specific! Only substrates that “match” the active site can be catalyzed Like a lock and key