1. Unit 8
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2. The goal of education in the United States is:
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The goal of education in the United States is:
to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public.

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90%
10%
4/5 run by religious groups

4. Boards of education 教育委员会 / 学校董事会
Boards of education refer to groups of people who make policies for schools at the state or district level. They also make decisions about the school curriculum, teacher standards and certification, and the overall measurement of student progress.

5. Education—A Local Matter
Each of the 50 states in the United States has its own laws regulating education. (in the hands of state and local government) (state committees and local school officials P119)
All states require young people to attend school. Thus, every child in America is guaranteed up to 13 years of education.

6. What an American Student Learns
Levels of Education:
Elementary Education
Secondary Education
Higher Education

7. Finishing the elementary school education
Junior High School
High school
automatically
Senior High School

8. College and University
Senior High School
College and University
conditionally

9. What an American Student Learns
Although there is no national curriculum in the USA, certain subjects are taught in all K to 12 systems across the country. P120
Elementary school
Secondary school (core subjects and electives)

10. Higher education
Successful applicants at colleges and universities are chosen on the basis of:
a. their high school records;.
b. recommendations from their high school teachers;
c. the impression they make during interviews at the university;
d. Their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs).
学术能力评估测试是美国高中生的所谓“高考”，但能否读四年制大学并不取决于一个SAT分数。SAT由美国的 College Board举办，在美国领土上每年举办7次，其它地方每年6次。考试用英语。SAT成绩是世界各国高中生申请美国名校学习及奖学金的重要参考。
GRE

11. GRE Higher education Graduate Record Examination 研究生入学考试

12. Categories of institutions
A. Universities:
a. A university may have several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor’s degree
b. It may have one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor’s degree to obtain a master’s or a doctoral degree.
B. Four-year college: undergraduate institution
a. Its curriculum is confined to humanities, social and behavioral science, and the natural sciences.
b. They offer the degrees of the Bachelor of Art (BA) and the Bachelor of Science (BS).

13. C. Technical training institutions
at which high school graduates may learn a wide variety of technical skills, such as hair styling, business accounting, computer programming, etc.
D. Two-year college or “community college”
from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges or universities.

14. Degrees of higher education
Bachelor’s Degree
Master’s Degree
Doctor’s Degree
工商管理学硕士
MBA (Master of Business Administration)

15. A. Ranging from full professors to instructors: a. Full professor
Faculty Members
A. Ranging from full professors to instructors:
a. Full professor
b. Associate professor
c. Assistant professor
d. Instructor
B. Qualifications: master’s degree or doctor’s degree

16. Higher education:
It refers to American education on the college level. American higher education includes four categories of institutions. They are the university, the four-year undergraduate institution( the college), the technical training institution and the two-year or community college.
Some are supported by public funds and some by private funds. Many universities and colleges have won reputations for providing their students with a higher quality of education: The great majority are generally regarded as,quite satisfactory. A few other institutions provide only adequate education.

17. Selecting a College or University
Questions to think about when Americans choose a university or college?

18. School’s entrance requirements and its fees
What degrees does the school offer?
How long does it take to earn one?
What curricula does a college or university offer?
What are the requirements for earning a degree?
Is the college or university a public institution or a private one? If it is private, is it a religious school?
How large is the school?
Why do the large universities flourish?

19. Selecting a College or University
Both public and private colleges depend on three sources of income:
Student tuition
Endowments
Government funding
Harvard
Princeton
Yale University

20. The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University.

21. 长春藤联盟
常青藤联合会
The term Ivy League also has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism. Ivy League schools are often viewed by the public as some of the most prestigious universities worldwide.
Seven of the eight schools were founded during the United States colonial period; except Cornell, which was founded in 1865.
All eight schools receive millions of dollars in research grants and other subsidies from federal and state government. Ivy League university financial endowments range from Brown's $2.2 billion to Harvard's $27.4 billion, the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world.

22. 美国常春藤名校走出过多少美国总统？
哈佛大学：约翰-亚当斯、约翰-昆西-亚当斯、西奥多-罗斯福、富兰克林-罗斯福, 约翰-肯尼迪,奥巴马(法学博士学位)
哥伦比亚大学：西奥多-罗斯福, 弗兰克林-D-罗斯福，奥巴马。
耶鲁大学：威廉·塔夫脱、杰拉尔德·福特，布什、比尔-克林顿, 乔治·W·布什。

23. Education in a New Nation
The Puritans believed that every person should be able to read the Bible.
In 1634, they opened a “Latin grammar” school
In 1636, Harvard College was founded for the training of
They introduced two practices that still influence American youth:
religious ministers.
compulsory education for all children
and public taxation for schools
义务教育

24. Trends in Degree Programs
During the 1970s and 1980s there was a trend away from the traditional liberal arts, and instead, students chose major fields that would prepare them for specific jobs. (business and management, computer and information science, education, engineering, health professions, and public affairs) (the trend toward pre-professionalism)
Now students are switching back to traditional areas of study. (low point in upswing: English, literature, foreign languages, history, and physics) This new popularity of liberal arts is a return to the early traditions of American education.

25. Education for All
War veterans (The Servicemen's Readjustment Act: GI Bill of Rights)
Women and blacks
Members of minorities ( any ethnic or racial group; a group that is not the dominant political power) --- Affirmative Action Programs
African-Americans
Nontraditional students (worked for several years)

26. Education for All--- War Veteran The Servicemen's Readjustment Act:
《军人重新安置法案》
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act was passed in 1944.
It was soon popularly called the GI Bill of Rights.
GI was a nickname for the American soldier. The nickname came from the abbreviation for "Government Issue" the Uniforms and Other articles "issued " to a soldier.
The Act promised financial aid; including aid for higher education to members of the armed forces.
《退役军人权利法案》

27. Education for All--- Minorities Affirmative Action Programs
肯定性行动计划
Affirmative Action Programs
Affirmative action programs were first advocated by some colleges in the 1960s.
The purpose of the program was to equalize educational opportunities for all groups and to make up for past inequality by giving special reference to members of minorities seeking jobs or admission to college.