1. Ethics in Research Guiding Principles & Practical Applications of Ethical Research

2. Historical Context Nuremburg Code (1947) – Guidelines regarding ethical treatment of participants

5. Historical Context Tuskegee Study (1963) Milgram Obedience Study

6. Historical Context National Research Act (1974) National Research Act (1974) Belmont Report

7. I. Respect for Persons Informed consent: 1.Information about what will occur in the study

8. Deception When a researcher knowingly withholds (passive deception) or gives false information (active deception) about the purpose of the study

9. Respect for Persons Informed consent: 1.Information about what will occur in the study 2.Participants must understand the consent 3.Participation must be voluntary

10. II. Beneficence The benefit to risk ratio must be in favor of benefits Minimal Risk: When harm or discomfort experienced in research is no greater than wheat might be experienced in the normal course of daily lives or routine physical/psychological exam

11. III. Justice The risks/benefits should be equally distributed This element has to do w/fairness in selecting participants

12. I. RESPECTII. BENEFICENCEIII. JUSTICE Valid Designs Competent / Ethical Researcher Informed/ Voluntary Consent Compensation ID Consequences Participant Selection Report Results Accurately Acknowledges Contributions Consider Consequences to Society Application of The Belmont Report

13. Fraud An explicit effort to falsify or misrepresent data

14. Plagiarism The representation of someone’s ideas or words as your own – Quotes/paraphrasing – Smith (1990) said, “On average, men are taller than women” (p. 120). – Is this plagiarism?: On average, males are taller than females.

15. Historical Context National Research Act (1974) National Research Act (1974) Belmont Report Institutional Review Boards

16. The IRB Five Members with Various Backgrounds – Scientists, nonscientists, community member Three Possible Decisions – Approve, Disprove, Modify

17. The Belmont Report Respect for Persons – Autonomy – Informed Consent Beneficence – Benefits vs. Risk Assessment Justice – Equal Distribution of Benefits and Risks in Society

18. IRB Decisions APPROVENOT APPROVE BENEFICIAL RESEARCH HARMFUL RESEARCH BENEFICIAL RESEARCH HARMFUL RESEARCH

19. IRB Criticisms Preventative focused Universal themes applied to specific cases make for inconsistent reviews Guardians of “political correctness” Time & cost of IRB process

20. DO IRBs prevent research ethic violations? 1 in 3 scientists admitted to violating research ethics