1. MANOJLOVIĆ J, KRAJNOVIĆ D UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE – FACULTY OF PHARMACY BELGRADE,SERBIA THE ART OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE INFLUENCE OF THE HABSBURG MONARCHY AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ON THE SKILLS AND DOCTRINE OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE IN COUNTRIES OF SOUTH – EASTERN EUROPE IN THE PERIOD FROM THE 16 th TO THE 18 th CENTURY (PRELIMINARY RESULTS) 1 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015.

2. Introduction: The term ‘pharmaceutical care’ today is complex and is a patient-centered practice. The observed period of the art of pharmaceutical care was a time when it consisted of the skill of preparing medicine and the medicine’s availability. Today, eleven countries span the area where once were the Habsburg and Ottoman empires in South-Eastern Europe. 2 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015.

3. 3 Habsburg Monarchy Ottoman Empire

4. Aims: to analyse the availability of different medicines of materia medica in South-Eastern European countries by comparing the dosage forms of medicines and ways of preparing them. 4 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015.

5. Method: The central area of research is Serbia Data sources will be hand written therapeutic manuscripts,unoffical therapeutic book and official books with materia medica (pharmacopoeias) from 16th to 18th centuries. 2° sources will be used for manual content data analysis. Because of varieties of pharmaceutical preparations we decided to compare dosage forms in which these preprations were available to the patients and ways of preparing the same dosage form. 5 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015.

6. Method: Timeline of the research is January 2015 till mid 2016. We did eqstensive literature review first. We visited several Archives, Libraries and Museums and collected data (the Archive of Serbia, the Archive of Belgrade, the National library of Serbia, Museum of History of Pharmacy) Several Archives and Libraries are jet to be visited (the Suleymaniye Library, Istanbul; the Austrian National Library in Vienna) 6 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015.

7. Results and discussion I: Previous research in Serbia showed that several therapeutic hand written books were used for pharmaceutical care during the observed period, when there were any offical pharmacopoeia present. The most comprehensive among them is Hilandar Medical Codex (HMC), we choused to analyse. 7 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015.

8. Pills (4 recipes were described; a mass of specific consistency is made out of needed ingredients and the pills are made) Electuaria (1 recipe was described; the basic ingredient where other substances are added is honey) Ointments (22 recipes were described; ointment making was described in the Complex Medicine Script, there is no basic recipe) Emplastra (6 recipes were described; the basic ingredient is always wax and later, oils and other ingredients are added; everything is to be cooked together and after it is consistent and cooled, it is ready for use) Syrups (some syrups are made only with water but there are others which are made with sugar and others use honey instead; to determine if the syrup is well cooked a drop should be put on a fingernail; if it remains on there it is well cooked; many are made using medicine while others use plant roots or seeds) 8 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015. Results and discussion II:

9. We performed content analysis of Pharmacological scripts ( 13 pages long) with 5 diffent dosage forms (pills, electuaria, ointments, emplastra and syrups) and 33 preparations. All data for each dosage form is stated as proposed by scholar medicine and pharmacy. If the analysed document is compared to Habsburg monarchy materia medica books certain facts are determined. 9 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015. Results and discussion III:

10. Oesterreichische Provinzial Pharmacopee (1790) agrees in great deal with the contents of the Complex Medicine Script and has basic recipes for each dosage form in the introduction, but also individual recipes :  Emplastra (26 recipes)  Unguenta (26 recipes)  Electuaria (13 recipes)  Pills (9 recipes)  Syrups (25 recipes) 10 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015. Results and discussion IV :

11. 11 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015.

12. Pharmacia Chirurgica Wienna (1791) has three identical dosage forms as in the Medicamenta Composita section:  Emplastra (36 recipes)  Unguenta (37 recipes)  Electuaria (3 recipes) 12 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015. Results and discussion V:

13. 13 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015.

14. Pharmacopoea Austriaco – Castrensis (1795) also agrees with certain dosage forms when compared to the Medicamenta Composita section:  Emplastra (3 recipes)  Electuaria (1 recipe)  Unguenta (7 recipes)  Pills (3 recipes)  Syrups (1 recipe) 14 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015. Results and discussion VI:

15. 15 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015.

16. All data shows that development of pharmaceutical care in the area of South-Eastern Europe was under scholar influence when choosing dosage forms. HMC (created 12th-15th c. and used 16th-18th c. until the coming of first educated pharmacists (19th c) show influences of both empires on the different development of pharmaceutical care 16 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015. Results and discussion VII:

17. Conclusion: Although there is no evidence of pharmacists in Serbia then, professional books tell us that someone had to use them. Based on a thorough document analysis it can be determined that pharmaceutical care was on a high level in the area of South-Eastern Europe and that it followed the scholar pharmacy in Habsburg monarchy. 17 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015.

18. 18 42nd ISHP Congress, Istanbul, September 2015. Thank you for your attention