1. PHF110: Basic Physics and Materials Introductory Lecture Martin Thorne Loughborough College Material courtesy of Mark Jepson Loughborough University

2. PHF110: Basic Physics and Materials Introductory Lecture Dr Mark A. E. Jepson Room: S313 m.a.e.jepson@lboro.ac.uk

3. Session overview  What is materials science?  History of materials  The importance of materials  Recent material developments

4. Intended Learning Outcomes  Know the meaning of the term; materials science and engineering.  Understand the importance of Materials to everyday items  Be aware that Materials science is used in different roles in science and engineering

5. Materials Science The Science of “Stuff”

6. Materials Science PropertiesProcessingMicrostructure Melting temperature Ductility Hardness …… Facts Casting Injection moulding Forging Rolling …… Processes Grain structure Chemical distribution Phases Particles …… Features

7. Materials Science  Interface between science and engineering  Strategic and economic importance  Key to our lives  Often taken for granted – (more later)  In great demand

8. Human Time Periods Nano Age? Graphene? ???? Silicon AgePlastics Age Stone age Middle ages Industrial Rev Machine Age Renaissance Bronze age 6000-2500 BC1300-1000 BC Iron age 2.5 million BC Figurines 28,000 BC Flint Pottery 14,000 BC Bronze sword Iron tools Plastic artefacts Electronics

9. Metals Ceramics Plastics (Polymers) Composites Which Materials are we talking about?

10. Material Classes Metals Composites Polymers Ceramics Bio - materials Semi- conductors

11. Material Classes

12. Metals

13. Material Classes

14. Ceramics

15. Material Classes

16. Polymer Examples

17. Science WHY? Chemistry - Synthesis Physics - Properties Design WHAT? Applicat- ions Solving problems Engineering HOW? Making it work Manufact- uring Materials Defining Materials Science and Engineering?

18. Construction Aerospace Healthcare Sports Electronics Defence FMCG Automotive Recycling Energy Just a few of the industrial sectors involved

19. Chemistry / Microstructure - What are things made out of? GBGB

20. Physics - What are their properties?

21. Processing - How do we make things?

22. Design - How do we choose the right materials?

23. How do materials change, degrade and fail?

24. How can we make things better? SET Award winner 2013 Best UK materials student

25. Materials science – an (everyday) example Question: How many parts are in these pens? Discuss and feedback

26. Materials science – an (everyday) example End plug Barrel Cartridge Lid Ink Point(?) Insert Tip Ball Question: How many different materials?

27. Materials science – an (everyday) example PartMaterial End capPolyethylene BarrelPolystyrene CartridgePolypropylene LidPolyethylene Ink PointPolystyrene (toughened) InsertBrass TipBrass BallTungsten Carbide / Cobalt “cer-met” 6 Materials, 9 parts yet only costs 20 p Not only that, but each ball is examined – by eye!

28. A more complex example… Question: How many different materials? Answer: Many – all with tailored properties

29. A more complex example…  The ceramic coating causes a temperature decrease of approximately 200°C  This allows the gases to be hotter which increases efficiency N. T. Padture et al., Science, 296, 280, 2002.

30. Roles of Materials Experts  Materials Scientist  How?, why?, inventing new materials  Materials Engineer  Improving performance, investigating failure  Technologist  Exploiting capability and opportunities presented materials

31. Materials scientist  Investigator:  Understanding why things behave as they do  Inventor:  Using this understanding to create new materials with better\special properties

32. Technologist  Innovator  Exploiting the capability and opportunities afforded by Materials in New Products and Designs  Leads to performance increases in existing products or new possibilities

33. Materials Engineer  Developer.  Improving the performance of existing materials and finding applications for new ones  Detective.  Finding out what went wrong when things don’t behave as predicted e.g. forensic investigations, crash reconstructions.

34. Shuttle disaster  Challenger shuttle – 1986 Loss of 7 crew members Grounding of entire NASA fleet for 3 years Caused by exceptionally low temperatures on launch day Rubber o-ring was brittle Engineers actually knew there was a risk

35. De Havilland Comet disasters – 1950s Manufacturer had experience of producing wooden planes The Comet was aluminium Pressurising and depressurising caused expansion and contraction Resulting in fatigue failure at a rivet Square features cause stress concentrations

36. New Materials  Organic semiconductors  Graphene – Nobel Prize  Bulk metallic glasses  Shape Memory alloys  Materials in unexpected places  Titanium glasses frames  Cardboard buildings – New Zealand

37. Materials Degree courses BEng / MEng Design with Engineering Materials MEng / BEng Automotive Materials MEng/ BEng Materials Engineering Diploma in Industrial Studies

38. This course  Explore the basic structure of materials  Influence on properties  Basic introduction only  Basis for further study  On foundation  In your chosen degree (all science and engineering needs / relies on materials)  If you CHOOSE MATERIALS

39. Structure of Course Week numberContents 1Introduction to the subject of “Materials” 2Mechanical properties 3Mechanical testing 4 + 5Atomic bonding and crystal structure 6TUTORIAL – Revision of W1 - 5 7 + 8Material Characterisation 9Phase Diagrams – Flipped Lecture 10Processing of Materials 11No Lecture 12Revision Lecture

40. Intended Learning Outcomes  Know the meaning of the term; materials science and engineering.  Understand the importance of Materials to everyday items  Be aware that Materials science is used in different roles in science and engineering