1. Educational Research Experimental Research Chapter 9 (8 th Edition) Chapter 13 (7 th Edition) Gay and Airasian

2. Topics Discussed in this Chapter Defining characteristics The experimental process Manipulation and control Threats to validity Internal validity External validity Group designs Single subject designs

3. Defining Characteristics Research designed to investigate cause and effect relationships through the direct manipulation of an independent variable and control of extraneous variables Independent variable – the variable being manipulated Dependent variable – the variable in which the effect of the manipulation of the independent variable are observed Researcher manipulation and control – choice of treatments, choice of a research design, use of specific procedures, etc.

4. Experimental Process Selection and definition of problem Selection of participants & instruments Selection and assignment of participants Selection of research plan Comparison of two approaches Comparison of new versus existing approaches Comparison of different amounts of single approach Execution of research plan Sufficient exposure to treatment Operationally different treatments Analysis of data Formulation of conclusions

5. Manipulation and Control Manipulation The researcher’s decisions related to what will make up the independent variable Active variables versus assigned variables Control The researcher’s efforts to remove the influence of any extraneous variables that might have an effect on the dependent variable The goal is to be assured the only differences between groups is that related to the independent variable

6. Experimental Validity Internal validity – the degree to which the results are attributable to the independent variable and not some other rival explanation External/ecological validity – the extent to which the results of a study are generalizable Relative importance of internal and external validity

7. Threats to Internal Validity History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Statistical regression Differential selection of participants Mortality Selection-maturation interaction, etc.

8. Threats to External Validity Pre-test treatment interaction Multiple treatment interference Selection treatment interaction Specificity of variables Treatment diffusion Experimenter effects Reactive arrangements Artificial environment Hawthorne effect John Henry effect Placebo effect Novelty effect

9. Controlling for Extraneous Variables Randomization Selection Assignment Matching Identifying pairs of subjects “matched” on specific characteristics of interest Randomly assigning subjects from each pair to different groups Difficulty with subjects for whom no match exists

10. Controlling for Extraneous Variables Comparing homogeneous groups Restricting subjects to those with similar characteristics Problems related to restriction of generalization Build the variable into the design (e.g., factorial design) Using subjects as their own controls Multiple treatments across time Problem with carry-over effect Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)

11. Group Designs Two major classes of designs Single-variable designs – one independent variable Factorial designs – two or more independent variables Three types of designs Pre-experimental designs Experimental designs Quasi-experimental designs

12. Pre-Experimental Designs Types One-shot case study One-group pretest-posttest design Static group comparison Threats to internal validity – see Figure 13.1

13. True Experimental Designs Types Pretest-posttest control group design Posttest only control group design Solomon four-group comparison Threats to internal validity – see Figure 13.2

14. Quasi-Experimental Designs Types Non-equivalent control group design Time series design Counterbalanced design Threats to internal validity – see Figure 13.2

15. Single-Subject Research Designs that can be applied when the sample size is one Study behavior change in an individual as the result of some treatment Subject serves as his or her own control Rationale Sophistication of specific designs allows for the control of internal validity threats Research is focused on therapeutic impact in clinical settings, not contribution to a research base Group comparison designs are sometimes opposed or unethical Group comparison designs are not possible

16. Single-Subject Research Concerns External validity Low generalizability due to the nature of the design The effect of the baseline condition on the subsequent effects of the treatment Threats can be lessened through replication Internal validity Possible to control for most threats Repeated and reliable measures Baseline stability Number of data points Single-variable rule Specification or the nature and conditions of the treatment

17. Single-Subject Research Designs A B A Withdrawal A B A B Multiple Baseline Alternating Treatments Data analysis and interpretation Based on visual inspection and analysis of a graphic presentation of the results Criterion of effectiveness is clinical significance, not statistical significance Debate about the use of statistical procedures

18. Single-Subject Research Replication Establishes the generalizability of findings Three types Direct – same researcher with the same or different participants in a specific setting Systematic – follows direct replication but with different researchers, behaviors, or settings Clinical – development of treatment packages composed of tow or more interventions which have been found to be effective individually