1. Copyright Statements Course materials contained in all PPT files are copyrighted and should not be reprinted or distributed without permission. Students who have registered in this course can use the course materials for educational purpose only.

2. Geography of Human Settlements Why human settlement? * Questions to be discussed

3. Tutorial Announcement Time:10:30-12:25 29 th February Wednesday Place: Lecture Theatre P1 Web: http://geog.hku.hk/undergrad/geog1017http://geog.hku.hk/undergrad/geog1017 User ID:GEOG1017 Password:LinP1 (Both ID and password are case-sensitive)

5. Geography of Human Settlements I. Types and Organization II. Rural Settlements III. Urban Settlements IV. Cities in Major World Regions

6. I. Types and Organization Types Classification by size & function Urban Cities Conurbation (Megalopolis) Towns Rural Villages Hamlets Isolated Farmhouse

7. Settlement Classification in China SettlementPopulation Size Extra-large Cities Large Cities Medium Cities Small Cities Designated Towns ≥ 1 million 500 thous. to 1 million 200 thous. to 500 thous. 100 thous. to 200 thous 2 thous. to 100 thous Urban Settlement

8. Settlement Classification in China SettlementPopulation Size Undesignated Towns ( 集鎮 ) Village Alliance ( 鄉 ) Village ( 村 ) 1000 ~ 2000 500 ~ 1000 100 ~ 500 Rural Settlement

9. Classification by function 1) Harris Intuitive / Arbitrary Classification Percentage of Employment Function > 45% > 15% > 11% > 25% Manufacturing Mining Transport University

10. 2) Nelson’s Classification ~ calculate national average of labour force ~ special function: exceeds the national average by 1 standard deviation

11. Functional specialization of American cities

12. Functional specialization of selected U.S. metropolitan areas

13. Settlement Hierarchy Zipf’s rank-size rule: If all urban settlements are ranked in descending order of population, the population of the n th town will be 1/n th that of the largest. Pn: Population of the nth town Pn = P1: Population of the largest city n: rank P1 n

14. Rank City Population (million) 1 New York 8 2 Chicago 4 3 Los Angeles 2.6 4 Philadelphia 2 P 3 = P 1 = 8 = 2.6 million 3

15. Organization of Settlements 1. Primary Pattern ~ dominated by a primate city (has a population of more than twice the 2 nd largest city) Example: Mexico City Bangkok Calcutta ~ usually national capital ~ characteristic of less developed countries ~ destination for low-income migrants

17. Rank-size distribution of American cities, 1790-1990

18. Primate city evolution

19. Organization of Settlements 2. Stepped Order Pattern ~ more than one settlement of similar size at every level like a stairway Example: Guangzhou > 3 million Foshan Jiangmen 200,000 ~ 500,000 Shantou Zhangjiang ~ characteristic of developing / industrializing countries economies

20. Organization of Settlements 3. Binary Pattern ~ a number of settlements of similar size dominate the upper end of the hierarchy Example: U.S.A. New York City San Francisco Los Angeles Atlanta ~ characteristic of developed countries

21. II. Rural Settlements Significance Questions to be discussed Characteristics of Rural Settlements ~ rely on primary activities ~ intimate relation with the nature ~ less mobile ~ friendly ~ morphology

23. Historical Development Economy: Primary → Secondary → Tertiary Settlement: Rural Urban Settlements Intensive farming → larger villages Extensive farming → smaller villages Plentiful resources → larger Scarce resources → smaller

24. Location, Distribution, Form ~ Location * Water supply * Dry land * Shelter & outlook * Commuting * Trade & Transport * Defense

25. Distribution * Cluster Random Regular Cluster Linear

27. Pattern * Agglomerated Dispersed Intensive farming Extensive Communal cultivation Individual Crop cultivation Pastoral Long history New High density Low

28. Form ~ Village Form * Cluster / Agglomerated * Fragmented * Linear * Open space * Double

30. Basic settlement forms

31. III. Urban Settlements Questions to be discussed Significance Characteristics Statistical Definitions

32. USA Canada China India Italy Denmark Sweden Finland Mininum Population Density Non-agriculture Population (person/sq miles) Employment(%) 2,500 1,000 1,000 20,000 >10 5,000 >50 250

33. A hypothetical spatial arrangement of urban units within a metropolitan area

34. A generalized representation of the proportion of the workforce engaged in basic and nonbasic activities

35. Growth of Urban Settlements ~ Origins ~ Location * Processing & Service Centres * Manufacturing * Transportation hubs * Political Centres * Defense: Protection * Trade: connection

36. Early Centers of Urbanism

37. The diffusion of urban life with the expansion of certain empires.

38. Trade-route city sites. These sites are at strategic positions along transportation arteries.

39. Types of defensive city sites. Natural protection is afforded by physical features.

40. Coal mines and oil fields in China

41. Railroad systems in China.

42. Growth of Urban Settlements ~ Contemporary Trends & Distribution Megalopolis: an extended urbanized area formed by the gradual merger of several large cities. e.g. Boston – N.Y. – D.C. Conurbation: a process World Cities: function as the control points for international finance, production and marketing Network Cities: nearby, complementary in functions, linked by high-speed transport

44. Percentage of national population classified as urban, 2007

45. Trends of world urbanization

46. Past and projected urban and rural population growth

47. Average annual urban population growth rates, 1990-2004

48. Megalopolis and other Anglo American conurbations

49. A functional hierarchy of U.S. metropolitan areas

50. The pattern of metropolitan growth and decline in the United States, 1990-2000

51. Population of Metropolitan Area

52. Metropolitan areas of 3 million or more in 2006

54. China Seen in US LandSat December 2011

55. Mega Cities: London, Shanghai, and Mexico City

56. A classification of world (or global) cities

57. The industrial region of Japan are primarily coastal and dependent on imported raw materials and access to the world ’ s markets.