1. Subtitle THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Created by Julie Marnell 2015; edited by Rebecca Smith

2. REPUBLIC A republic is a form of government in which power rests with the people through their elected representatives. It comes from the phrase “res publica,” meaning “public affairs” in Latin

3. Between 700 and 471 BCE, Rome’s government developed. Etruscan kings were the earliest rulers. In 509 BCE, the kings were ousted and Rome was then declared a republic and ruled by Patricians. Who were Patricians? (Hint: it’s a vocab. word) Earliest government in Rome-monarchy

4. Patricians were the wealthy landowners. They were the noble families of Rome, representing the top 2% of the population and they dominated Rome’s early republican government. Early Roman Republic-Patricians The government at this time was made up entirely of Patricians. Even though it’s called a republic, what type of republic government is it really?

5. Republic-aristocracy style The government was an aristocracy because the patricians were wealthy landowners. 98 % of the population was not represented in the government. In 479 BCE, the plebeians formed their own government. Who were the Plebeians? The majority of the population - the average citizens of Rome

6. Around 479 BCE, the Plebeians sought representation in the government. When the Patricians refused, the Plebeians withdrew from Rome and threatened not to serve Rome should a crisis occur. Since plebeians made up most of the military and worked on the farms, they effectively gained political power by threatening not to work. This was called the “Conflict of Orders” This was called the “Conflict of Orders”

7. Consuls (2) chief executive officers chosen each year by the assembly Administered the government Commanded the armies The Senate (300) Served for life proposed laws and advised the consuls Roman Republic –before 471 BCE The Centuriate Assembly comprised of high ranking patrician soldiers appointed the consuls and made laws had less power than the Senate and was controlled by the wealthiest citizens

8. Roman Republic –after 471 BCE The Tribunes Representatives representing Plebeians only. Protected plebeians from unfair acts. The Council of Plebs elected tribunes and later passed laws affecting Plebeians. Plebeians gained a voice in government:

9. 451 BCE First written law code was created called the Twelve Tables. The laws were carved on twelve tables and hung in the Forum, which was a public square in the center of the city. Effect: All free citizens including plebeians had a right to the protections of the law.

10. By 287 BCE, the Plebeians were permitted to serve as Consuls and the Council of Plebs gained the power to pass laws on behalf of all Romans. The government of the Roman Republic became a true representative democracy. But who was not represented in this government? Women and slaves How is this different from Greek democracy? Greek democracy was direct – all eligible citizens voted on all laws. There were no representatives.

11. Judicial System established in 366 BCE Office of Praetor was created - Carried out civil law for Roman Citizens Governed Rome when consuls were away. As Rome Grew, the non-citizen population grew. In 242 BCE another Praetor was appointed to judge cases in which one or both people were non-citizens.

12. Citizens were adult male landowners All citizens were required to serve in the army for 10 years Citizenship was offered to many non- Romans. Citizenship

13. Effects of the Conflict of the Orders Plebeians could hold the highest offices of the state Plebeians could intermarry with the patricians Plebeians could pass laws binding on the entire Roman community The Forum - Rome These effects led to intermarriage between select plebeian and patrician families which created a new aristocracy in the Senate. While it looked like A democracy…

14. Citations Created by Julie Marnell 2015; edited by Rebecca Smith http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Maccari- Cicero.jpg/400px-Maccari-Cicero.jpg http://estevezlawfirm.com/images/LawBooks4.png http://www.travel-destination-pictures.com/data/media/27/ancient-rome_7.jpg http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/fac/socsci/Scales_of_justice2.jpg

15. Early Roman Republic Who were Patricians? ___________________________________________ What was Rome’s earliest type of government? ___________________ What did it change into before 471 BCE? __________________ Who were the Plebeians?________________ Before 471 BCE: Draw a diagram of the Roman Republican government Describe the Conflict of Orders: After 471 BCE, what Plebeian branches of government were added? What functions did they serve? What were the twelve Tables and why were they important? What is a Republic? __________________________ Name: __________________

16. Who could be a citizen in Rome? What was required for citizenship? What were the effects of the Conflict of Orders? Do you think the Roman Republic became a democracy? Support your answer. _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Describe the role of Praetors.