1. Topic 7 450 CE – 1500 CE

2. The Germanic Kingdoms Germanic tribes farmers and herders The Franks – between 400-700 Germanic tribes divided Europe into small kingdoms 486 Clovis conquered Roman province of Gaul Significance?

3. Muslims move into Europe Muslim army crossed into France, Charles Martel rallied Frankish warriors. Battle of Tours in 732 What would of happened had Martel not been successful?

4. Why did pope Leo II crown “Charles the Great” Holy Roman Emperor? What effect did this have on other leaders? Why was Charlemagne so Great? Government Worked closely with the church Appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions Gave them land so support and supply soldiers of his army To keep control of provincial rulers sent out officials called missi dominici to check on roads listen to grievances and promote justice Learning Founded a school at Aachen under the direction of scholar Alcuin of York What was the curriculum? How did they preserve literature?

5. Happened to his kingdom after he passed? What is Charlemagne's legacy? Muslims still posed a threat to Europe Magyars in 896 settled in Hungary Overran eastern Europe and moved to plunder western Europe Vikings in Scandinavia They opened trade routes linking Northern Europe to the Mediterranean

6. AIM: What is feudalism and why does it develop? The Emergence of Feudalism What is the definition of feudalism? Why does feudalism develop? The Feudal Contract Mutual Obligations Lords (Nobles, Vassals) & Knights: Lords & Serfs: Everyone had a place in feudal society.

7. How did a boy become a Knight? Chivalry – code of conduct Knights are to be brave, loyal, and true to their word In warfare fight fair Warriors should treat their captives well Placed women on a pedestal Women should be protected and cherished These ideas would shape the western ideas of romantic love. Castles built to withstand attack for the lords Moats, towers, and high walls for protections People would store up food and water so they could withstand a long siege Noblewomen How were women treated? What was expected of them? Politics – Eleanor of Aquitaine inherited lands in sw France Through marriages she became the first queen of France and then the queen of England.

8. Peasants and Manor Life What was it like to live as a serf or as a peasant? What was the mutual obligation between Noble and Serf? Self Sufficiency - Manorialism Everything was grown or made on the manor – grain made into flour at mills, furniture, etc

9. What role did the Church play in the everyday life of the people of Europe? How did the early church view women? Monastic Movement St. Benedict around 530 monastery in Monte Cassino S. Italy Rules to regulate monastic life spread across Europe 3 vows – what are they? Day was divided into periods for work, worship and study Why do you think St. Benedict felt it was necessary to create this type of life? Life of Service What specific duties did they perform? Performed a vital role in preserving the writings of the ancient world Copied and illuminate, illustrated each page – Book of Kells Irish monks in Iona in 800s Britain Venerable Bede wrote the earliest known history of England He also introduced BC and AD

10. Became the most powerful force in Medieval Europe During the Middle Ages, the pope was spiritual leader of RCC Medieval popes claimed papal supremacy or authority over all secular states Excommunication Interdict The pope himself held vast lands in central Italy later called the Papal States Everyone were sinners and only the church and participating in religious activities such as the sacraments could save you, hence the church had absolute power over religious matters and even secular ones Church law – canon Disobeying church law – excommunication Lord or King could receive an interdict – an order excluding an entire town, region or kingdom from receiving most sacraments and Christian burial. Church tried to use its authority to end feudal warfare

11. Why did reform movements develop? Cluniac Reforms Abbot Berno of Cluny Revived Benedictine rule No longer allowed Nobles to interfere in monastic affairs 1073 – Pope Gregory VII extended Cluniac reforms to the entire church. Outlawed marriage for priests and prohibited simony or the selling of church offices Preaching Orders 1200s – Francis of Assisi & Dominic Orders of friars preaching to the poor Jews in Europe Jews flourished in Spain called Sephardim Under Muslim rule, other religions tolerated Migrated to Germanic territories Late 1000’s Christian persecution increased – Why? Effects?

12. Who led Christianity in the Byzantine empire? How was it different than in the West? Schism What caused the split? 1054 – Official Break Effects?

14. Revival of Trade Why did trade revive minimally in Europe? Trade Fairs – purpose / effect Commercial Revolution Definition: Capital Business Practices: What changed? Bill of Exchange Joint Stock Companies Guilds What are they, and why are they important in Europe History? How was Europe affected Socially? Religiously? Middle Class

15. Causes: What were the causes? What council did Pope Urban II call after Emperor Alexius I ask him for help? Why did the pope agree to help?

16. What motivated the Europeans to go fight in the Holy Land?

17. Who was Saladin? Who sacked Constantinople and why? Why did the Europeans lose the Crusades?

18. Effects of the Crusades on Europe 1. Economic Expansion – how? 2. Increased Power of Monarchs – how, why? 3. The Church – what changed? 4. A Wider World View – how so? 5. Religious Anger turned toward Jews – how, why?

19. What was the Reconquista? Why did it happen? What monarchs initiated it? What were the effects? Inqusition