1. Draw a picture of… Start on page 71… 1)Your Dwelling & Culture 2)Archeology & Artifact 3)Nomadic 4)Horticulture

2. Native Americans: The Tribal Periods

3. A Little Bit of Background… first humans arrived long ago during the Ice Age Beringia-land between Alaska and Siberia (today called the Bering Strait) migration was not planned; nomads looking for food followed a herd of game into North America and slowly pushed southward

5. Animals of the Day wooly mammoths mastodons ground sloths bison musk ox moose bear sheep antelope

6. Mastodon

7. Wooly Mammoth

8. Giant ground sloth could be about 14 feet tall when standing

9. So…what about Georgia specifically? by about 10000 B.C. the first humans had arrived in GA The four cultural periods of Native American occupation are: 1)Paleo 2) Archaic 3) Woodland 4) Mississippian PAWM

10. Paleo-Indian Period (10000 B.C.E.-8000 B.C.E.) Paleo=“very old” or “long ago” or “old stone age” lived in small bands, or groups, of 20 depended upon wild animals for food, clothing, shelter and tools ate bison, mastodons, sloths, berries, wild fruits & veggies, and other animals…most of which are extinct now usually camped out in the open

11. Paleo-Indian Period cont. dig pits or build shelters to protect against the wind and cold, but no permanent settlements Nomadic few lived older than 30 or 40 many children died before age 1 a moderate climate helped when they moved further south

12. Paleo-Indian Weapons used tree trunks and cane for spear shafts, ax and tool handles, & poles for shelter used rocks for making knives, spearheads, ax heads, and tools major Paleo artifacts are spearheads AKA: Clovis points (jabbing) brave & skillful hunters

13. Clovis Point

14. Communication In Native American Culture Hand symbols gestures Drawings Much later a language developed

15. Archaic Period (8000 B.C.E- 1000B.C.E.) Started Horticulture adapted to a warming climate and the disappearance of big game 3 distinct time periods (early, middle & late) learned to use resources around them dependent upon hunting, fishing, & gathering deer (favorite), bear, turkey, squirrel, small game, fish, berries, nuts, etc. large piles of shellfish remains have been found on GA coast, called middens large size of middens piles means that Indians returned to locations annually

16. Midden Pile

17. New Innovations wider variety of tools and weapons no bow and arrows at the time…developed the atlatl, a wooden shaft about 2 feet long with a bone or antler hook on one end in which a spear can be placed (spear-throwing device) burned small areas of forest to improve hunting (small plants attract deer) more time on hands b/c less time on hunting so…polished stone, made decorative items from stone and bone, made clay able to cook food with pottery becoming more settled body ornaments, tools, and weapons at burial sites suggest a belief in the afterlife

18. Atlatl

19. Archaic Pottery Bowl

20. Woodland Period (1000 B.C.E.- 1000 C.E.) First to rely on Horticulture/Agriculture built thousands of earthen mounds---many still around today Kolomoki mounds in Early County mounds varied in size, shape, & usage used for burial mounds and ceremonial activities (flat-topped) some were animal-shaped (Rock Eagle) used bow and arrow for hunting arrowheads were smaller

21. Kolomoki Mound in Early County

23. Kolomoki Pottery

24. Rock Eagle in Northeast GA

25. Cultural Advancements advancements in agriculture (saved seeds from fall for planting in the spring) staple crops were nuts, corn, squash, sunflowers, etc. population grew and small families united (tribes) villages appeared (sturdier houses) pottery was popular-for storage (designs based on the region) traders throughout the eastern US belief in afterlife (burial mounds often contained jewelry & pottery figurines)

26. Mississippian Period (700C.E.- 1600 C.E.) Preferred places that offered rich river deltas, long growing seasons, & good hunting (deer & turkey) Named after place where period began

27. Chow Time… Wild foods were important, but relied more on agriculture (corn) Crops kept in community storehouses so always a constant supply Agriculture supported a growing population Food supply meant permanent settlements

28. Mississippian settlement Protected by a “palisade” (a wall made of tall posts) Moat (wide ditch) outside the palisade Within the walls were “wattle & daub” houses (made of wood & clay)

29. Rank & File… A More Complicated Social & Political Organization developed= Chiefdom Could include one or many villages Priest-chief at the top of the hierarchy and handed down through family line

30. Mississippian Mounds Built large flat-topped mounds with temples and other buildings for ceremonies Inside of the mound was a burial area Burials of people included ornaments, tools, food, & ceremonial objects

31. Ocmulgee Mound…near Macon

32. Etowah Mound…near Cartersville

33. Other Interesting Tidbits Indian traders used waterways & forest trails between settlements Very artistic designs on artifacts Played games Smoked tobacco Decorated with jewelry, feathers, & tattoos Very ceremonial

34. …So what happened to the Mississippians? Hernando do Soto met the Mississippian Indians when he came to GA in 1540 Europeans brought diseases & steel weapons, which meant the end of the Mississippian Period The survivors of this period created the current-day tribes of the Creek & the Cherokee

35. Cherokee Indians

36. Creek Indians

37. Tribal Regions Tribal regions developed toward the end of the Mississippian period California, SubArctic, Arctic, Southwest, Southeast, Great Plains, Great Forest, Northwest Coast, Great Basin, & Plateau Tribal regions still exist today, population decreased rapidly after arrival of Europeans

39. You might have heard of… Southwest: Hopi, Zuni, Navajo, Pueblo, & Apache Great Plains: Arapaho, Sioux, Cheyenne, & Blackfoot Great Forest/Northeast: Powhatan, Delaware, Iroquois, Miami, Huron, Algonquin, Ottawa, & Shawnee Southeast: Seminole, Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, & Yamassee

40. Paleo-Indian (10000-8000 B.C.E.) Chased large bison to cliff, kill for food archaelogical sites: Savannah River, Ocmulgee River, & Flint River near Albany Paleo=Ancient

41. Archaic (8000-1000 B.C.E.) began use of agriculture archaelogical sites: Stallings Islands, Fayette County, & Coweta County developed first pottery lived together in camps

42. Woodland (1000 B.C.E.-1000 C.E.) First to use religion in ceremonies first to use bow and arrows first to grow veggies archaelogical sites: Putnam County & Rock Eagle

43. Mississippian (700 C.E.-1600 C.E.) Highest prehistoric civilization several thousand families live together used village system archaelogical sites: Macon, Etowah, & Early County