2. Special thanks to Zachary David Johnson, 8th grade social studies teacher at Riverside Middle School in Greer, SC, for his help in developing this presentation.

3. TWO WORLDS MEET Chapter 1

4. Essential Question How did Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans contribute to the settlement and growth of South Carolina during its earliest days?

5. Lesson 1 THE FIRST PEOPLE

6. Prehistoric People Around 40,000 years ago, Native Americans crossed the Bering Strait land bridge from Asia into Canada.

7. Around 13,000 years ago, they arrived in South Carolina. there was no written language, this time period is known as the prehistoric era. The people who lived during this time went through five periods of development.

8. Five Periods of Development Pre-Projectile Point Period (13,000 years ago) Paleo Period (12,000 years ago) Archaic Period (10,000 years ago) Woodland Period (3,000 years ago) Mississippian Period (1,000 years ago) Prehistoric People

9. Pre-Projectile/Paleo Period Although not covered by giant glaciers like other parts of North America, the weather in SC was rather cold during this period. Piedmont & Coastal Zones were home to megafauna (large animals) such as mammoths, mastodons, and bison. Prehistoric People

10. Nomadic tribes such as the Paleo people hunted these animals and followed them. Technology was limited. The people used crude stone tools such as scrappers, choppers, and large stone spear points. Paleo people started gathering plants to supplement their diet.

11. Comparison of a Mammoth (Left), Mastodon (right).

12. The Archaic Period As the SC weather warmed 10,000 years ago, natives entered the Archaic Period. Natives followed a less nomadic lifestyle, settling along the coast and rivers during the spring and summer months. Prehistoric People

13. New ways to hunt and fish were developed; gathering of nuts and berries The atlatl helped propel their spears farther and faster. As the period ended, natives began to trade, farm, and strengthen clay with plant fibers.

14. Archaic atlatl

15. Woodland Period During this period, the natives lived in villages with a number of earthen mounds. Food options expanded. Natives grew gourds, squash, and corn. Prehistoric People

16. They began making pottery with clay and sand. They decorated it and use it to store food. They developed bow and arrows to hunt. Trade grew among the various cultures trade routes spreading along the Ohio River to the North and the Gulf of Mexico to the South.

18. Mississippian Period Mississippian people settled along the rivers near the fall line and lived in large villages. Homes were built in a style called wattle and daub. Palisades (wooden fences with sharpened ends)provided protection for their settlements. Prehistoric People

19. Squash, beans, corn, and pumpkins were the main crops. Powerful leaders controlled trade. Kingdom of Cofitachiqui, located near present day Camden, is an example of their culture in SC.

20. People of the Eastern Woodlands First natives that European explorers encountered. More is known about this culture due to written accounts by Europeans.

21. Eastern Woodland Culture Dug out tree trunks for canoes and used rivers for transportation. Survival depended on hunting, gathering, farming, and fishing. Sharp points carved from rocks, animal bones, and bows and arrows were used to hunt.

22. Eastern Woodland Culture Southeastern tribes featured matrilineal clans, meaning family ties were based on the mother’s lineage. Primary crops were corn, beans, squash (known as the “Three Sisters”), pumpkins, and bottle gourds.

23. Both genders were involved in the tribal government. Men and women had specific roles. o Men: raise boys, hunt, conduct war o Women: farming and gathering.

26. Major Groups Three most important tribes: Cherokee of the Mountains Catawba of the Piedmont Yamassee of the coast

27. Language Groups by Tribe Iroquoian—comprised only one nation—the Cherokee Siouan—included the Catawba, Cheraw, Peedee, Waccamaw, Wateree, and Santee Algonquian—Lived along the Savannah River, the Saluda, Yuchi, and Savannah Muskogean—Kiawah

28. Cherokee Called themselves the “Real People” Iroquoian Language Villages of up to 600 people. Used palisades for protection. Major Language Groups

29. Men fished by poisoning the water with walnut bark. Leaders of the village, including women, met as a council. War time = Red Leader; Peace time = White leader. Each Village had a Shaman (holy man or woman).

30. Catawba Called themselves the “River People” Spoke using the Siouan language. Lived along the Rivers of the Piedmont Region. Major Language Groups

31. Villages used palisades for protection, and featured council houses where leaders made rules. Homes were wigwams. Were great potters.

32. Yamassee Nation Originally from Spanish Florida (present day Georgia) Algonquian speaking. Moved to the SC coast near the mouth of the Savannah to escape the Spanish governor. Major Language Groups

33. Lived in wigwams on the beach during the summer... Lived farther inland in homes similar to the Cherokee (daub and wattle) for rest of the year. Diet included clams and oysters. Council sometimes included women. Eventually fled to Florida after the Yamassee War.

34. COLONIAL BEGINNINGS Lesson 2

35. Early Interactions with Europeans Eastern Woodland tribes traded fur and deerskins for iron tools, weapons, and guns with the Europeans. Land was taken from the native people. Some natives were forced into slavery, leading to hostilities between the settlers and natives.

36. abandon – to leave behind or give up completely convert – a person who has been persuaded to change his or her religion or beliefs persecute – to treat someone poorly or oppress them because of race, religion, or beliefs

37. privateer – a professional pirate hired by a nation to attack the ships of rival nations and steal valuable cargo profit – money a business has earned after paying its expenses refugee – a safe place or shelter

38. Exploration and Colonization What caused European countries to explore and colonize? Renaissance Desire for wealth Religious differences and persecution

39. Voyages of Columbus Christopher Columbus wanted to find a shorter sailing route to Asia. The king and queen of Spain agreed to fund his journey. o Columbus promised to convert the people he met to the Catholic religion. Soon after Columbus’s voyages, other European leaders wanted to establish colonies in the New World.

40. New Spain Spain was the first European country to establish colonies in the New World. Spanish explorers and conquistadors claimed large areas of Central and South America, setting up encomiendas (large plantations). Disease and overwork decimated the native population.

41. The Spanish brought African slaves to work the plantations and mines. The Spanish built cities and universities, and transferred a complex social system and form of government. Searching for gold, the Spanish extended their land into N. America (Florida, SC, and parts of the SW US).

42. Famous Spanish Explorers Spanish explorers established missions along the Pacific Coast. Francisco Gordillo was one of the first Europeans to explore South Carolina.

43. Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón created the first Spanish settlement in South Carolina. – The settlement was called San Miguel de Gualdape, along the Waccamaw River near present- day Georgetown. Hernando de Soto, also explored parts of South Carolina while looking for gold.

44. New France The French sailed down the St. Lawrence River in search of the Northwest Passage & claimed the region for France. Settlements established at Montreal and Quebec.

45. French traders established trade with the natives, yet they treated the natives poorly. Built settlements along the Mississippi River, named the land Louisiana, after King Louis XIV of France.

46. French Colony at Charlesfort Jean Ribault tried to build a settlement for the Huguenots (French Protestants) near present-day Beaufort. Named Charlesfort in honor of the king. Ribault returned to France to get more supplies; war in Europe prevented a swift return.

47. Believing that Ribault would soon return, settlers did not plant crops, and eventually ran out of supplies. The remaining men killed their leader and built a boat to return home. On their way home, food supplies were exhausted and the men turned to cannibalism. They were eventually saved by a passing English ship.

48. The Spanish Drive the French Out While Ribault was in Europe, the French built Fort Caroline, near present-day Jacksonville, Florida. Not long after, the Spanish built a fort about 50 miles south at St. Augustine. The two rivals planned to attack each other’s forts.

49. Spanish forces defeated French forces and killed Ribault. For the time being, the Spanish had successfully put an end to the French threat on the southeastern coast.

50. Santa Elena Built near the site of Charlesfort, Santa Elena was a struggling Spanish settlement at first, but it eventually grew. Settlers relied on local natives for food because poor soil made farming difficult

51. Despite their help, a Spanish leader ordered the execution of local Indian chiefs. A force of 500 natives attacked the settlement, forcing the Spanish to flee.

52. Santa Elena When the French tried to return, the natives pushed them out too. The Spanish returned again and built a new, more successful settlement.

53. The new Santa Elena was the capital of La Florida. Eventually, English privateers and explorers in the area forced Spain to abandon Santa Elena, opening the door for England to take South Carolina.