1. An Introduction to the Odyssey The War-Story Background Odysseus: A Hero in Trouble The Wooden-Horse Trick The Ancient World and Ours A Search for Their Places in Life Relationships with Gods Epic and Values The Telling of Epics Homer An Introduction to the Odyssey Feature Menu

2. “Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of that man skilled in all ways of contending,...” An Introduction to the Odyssey

3. [End of Section] The Odyssey is a tale of a hero’s long and perilous journey home. An Introduction to the Odyssey But, it is also the story of a son in need of his father and of a faithful wife waiting for her husband’s return.

4. The Iliad provides the background for Odysseus’s story and tells the tale of a ten-year war fought outside the walls of Troy. In Homer’s IliadTroy The War-Story Background the Trojan War is in its tenth and final year the people of Troy are fighting an alliance of Greek kings because the world’s most beautiful woman, Helen, abandoned her husband, Menelaus (a Greek king) and ran off with Paris, a prince of Troy

5. The Iliad provides the background for Odysseus’s story and tells the tale of a ten-year war fought outside the walls of Troy. In Homer’s Iliad The War-Story Background the Greeks won the war, reduced the city of Troy to smoldering ruins, and butchered all the inhabitants, except for those they took as slaves back to Greece [End of Section]

6. Odysseus is not a typical epic hero, who is brave and noble and admired for great achievements in an epic poem. He is faced with: Odysseus: A Hero in Trouble difficult choices post-war disillusionment disrespect from the people of his homeland

7. Before the Trojan War, Odysseus Odysseus: A Hero in Trouble married the beautiful and faithful Penelope had one son, Telemachus

8. [End of Section] Odysseus: A Hero in Trouble When called to serve in the Trojan War, Odysseus pretended to be insane so he wouldn’t have to go (he dressed as a peasant, plowed his field, and sowed it with salt) revealed his sanity to save his son’s life (who was placed in front of the plow)

9. The Wooden-Horse Trick During the Trojan War, Odysseus performed extremely well as a soldier and commander thought of the famous wooden-horse trick that lead to the defeat of Troy

10. The Wooden-Horse Trick Odysseus’s plan was to build an enormous wooden horse and hide Greek soldiers inside. The horse was left outside the gates of Troy, and the Greeks “abandoned” their camp.

11. [End of Section] The Wooden-Horse Trick The Trojans thought the horse was a peace offering and brought it into the walled city. At night, the men hidden in the horse came out and opened the gates to the entire Greek army.

12. [End of Section] The Ancient World and Ours Odysseus’s world is harsh, violent, and primitive. The “palaces” that he and his men raid might have been nothing more than mud and stone farmhouses. The “worldly goods” they carry off from town might have been only pots and pans, cattle and sheep.

13. A Search for Their Places in Life The Theme of the Odyssey Odysseus and his family are searching for the right relationships with one another and the people around them their proper places in life

14. A Search for Their Places in Life The Structure of the Odyssey The story begins in medias res (the literary technique of relating a story from the midpoint, rather than the beginning) with Telemachus, Odysseus’s son. Telemachus is searching for his father because he is being threatened by rude, powerful men who want to marry his mother and rob Telemachus of his inheritance needs his father to return home and restore order

15. [End of Section] A Search for Their Places in Life The Structure of the Odyssey Readers learn that Odysseus is stranded on an island, longing to get home has been gone for twenty years—he has spent ten years at war and ten years trying to get home is in the middle of a midlife crisis and searching for inner peace

16. Relationships with Gods In Homer’s stories, a god can be an alter ego—a reflection of a hero’s best or worst qualities. Odysseus is known for his mental abilities, so he receives aid from Athena, the goddess of wisdom. He has an invocation for her (the summoning of the supernatural or higher authority) Odysseus can also be cruel and violent. Odysseus’s nemesis is Poseidon, the god of the sea, who is known for arrogance and brutishness.

17. [End of Section] Relationships with Gods Myths in the Odyssey Greek myths plays an important role in the Odyssey. Myths are a traditional or legendary story, concerning some being or hero or event, with or without a determinable basis of fact or a natural explanation, especially one that is concerned with gods or phenomenon of nature. Homer is concerned with the relationship between human and gods. For Homer, the gods control all things, including Odysseus’s fate.

18. Epics are long narrative poems that tell of the adventures of heroes who in some way embody the values of their civilization. Epics and Values The Greeks used Homer’s epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, to teach Greek virtues. Epic poems have a variety of end rhyme (pattern of sounds at the ends of word lines). It is a mix of approximate rhyme (end pattern with a mix of similar sounds) and exact rhyme (end pattern with identical sounds).

19. [End of Section] Epics and Values The Epic Tradition All epic poems in the western world owe something to the basic patterns established in Homer’s epics. The Iliad is the primary model for an epic of war. The Odyssey is the model for an epic of the long journey. journey

20. Epics and other tales were probably told by wandering bards or minstrels called rhapsodes. Rhapsodes were The Telling of Epics the historians, entertainers, and mythmakers of their time responsible for spreading news about recent events or the doings of heroes, gods, and goddesses

21. Epics were originally told aloud. The Telling of Epics They followed basic story lines and incorporated a “formula”. Most of the words were improvised to fit a particular rhythm or meter. Epics included epic similes that compare heroic events to easily understandable everyday events. An epic simile often runs to several lines, used to intensify the heroic stature of the subject and to serve as decoration.

22. Epics such as the Iliad and Odyssey were probably told over a period of several days. The Telling of Epics Singers might have summarized part of the tales, depending on how long they stayed in one community. [End of Section]

23. No one knows for sure who Homer was. Homer Later Greeks believed he was a blind minstrel, or singer, from the island of Chios. One scholar suggests Homer was a woman because home and hearth played such an important role in his stories. Some scholar think there were two Homers. Some think he was just a legend. [End of Section]

24. Epics and Values Journey The theme of the journey is found in many stories in western literature, including fairy tales novels, such as The Incredible Journey, Moby- Dick, and The Hobbit movies, such as The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars

25. Epic Hero In Homer’s time, epic heroes Odysseus: A Hero in Trouble were placed somewhere the gods and ordinary human beings experienced pain and death were always true to themselves

26. Homeric, or Epic, Similes In the Iliad, the singer uses a Homeric simile to describe how Athena prevents an arrow from striking Menelaus. The Telling of Epics She brushed it away from his skin as lightly as when a mother Brushes a fly away from her child who is lying in sweet sleep.

27. Troy was located in what is now Turkey. The War-Story Background

28. Relationships with Gods Myths are traditional stories, rooted in a particular culture, that usually explain a belief, a ritual, or a mysterious natural phenomenon. Myths are essentially religious because they are concerned with the relationship between human beings and the unknown or spiritual realm.

29. More About Epics Epics use elevated language and a serious tone and often include elements of myth, legend, folk tale, and history. Epics and Values

30. Formulaic Descriptions Formulaic descriptions gave the singer time to think ahead to the next part of the story. The oral storyteller had formulas for The Telling of Epics the arrival and greeting of guests, eating of meals, and taking of baths describing the sea (“wine-dark”) and Athena (“gray-eyed Athena”)

31. The End