1. Pronouns (Ch 2) Personal pronouns (2.1-2.8) I – me, she-her etc. (avoid - i’m) you She’s taller than he/him. (?) You and I/me should do this.

2. It/There = Swedish ‘det’ (2.6-2.7) Use ‘it’ for: weather temperature time distances Examples: It’s snowing. It’s 30 degrees in the shade. It’s 10 a.m. and it’s Monday.

3. There ‘det finns/står/ligger/sitter’ something ”exists” Examples: There is a car in the street. There is some coffee left. There are fifteen pupils in the room.

4. Compare: It’s time for a break. There’s time for a break. It is snowing. There is a lot of snow on the ground. It’s two kilometres to school. There are two roads you can take.

5. Note It’s no use/There’s no use complaining (Also: There’s no point in…) The verb agrees with the real subject: There is a bear in the cave! There are two bears in the cave! There is a banana on the table. There are some bananas on the table.

6. Possessive pronouns (2.20-2.26) more common in English than in Swedish Used for body parts (and senses) clothes personal belongings Examples: She hurt her arm. He lost his temper. They took off their shoes. I forgot my keys.

7. Exception: The student kicked the teacher on the knee and smacked him in the face. Note the difference between: its – it’s their – there (they’re) This is her jacket. – It’s hers.

8. Relative pronouns (2.34-2.39) who used when relating back to people (also domestic animals) –I know a teacher who can help you. –Do you know Mark who works at my school? –The woman who/m/ I spoke to is my dentist.

9. which used when talking about a thing/ object/non-human used when relating back to a clause The CD which you lent me is great. The classroom which is next to ours. He is often late, which really annoys me.

10. that used for both people and ”things” used in necessary relative clauses The pupil that did this should say so. The books that sell the best are often thrillers. Everything that I told you is true.

11. necessary clause: –The students who/that were from Visby passed the test. non-necessary clause: –The students, who were from Visby, passed the test.

12. Note! The relative pronoun can sometimes be left out in speech; similar in Swedish –The film (that/which) we saw made me cry. –The person (that/who) I admire the most is my mother.

13. Question pronouns (2.41-2.45) Who, whose, whom? –Who is coming to the party? –Whose money is this? –Who(m) did you talk to? Note! whose = vems, vilkas who’s = who is

14. Which limited choice/selection the situation important ‘vilken/vilka av’ Examples: Which of these books did you prefer? Which colour would you like, blue or green? Which of these singers do you like best? Which of you know the answer?

15. What more common and general used more in open questions ‘vad för slags’ Examples: What books do you read? What is your favourite colour? What music do you listen to?

16. Use ‘what’ when asking for: a name –What’s your address? –What’s the capital of Malta? an enumeration –What TV programs do you like? –What sports do you like? time, date –What’s the date today?

17. Note indirect questions! No extra ’som’ in English. direct questions –Who caused the accident? –How many people are invited? indirect questions –She asked me who caused the accident. –I’d like to know how many people are invited.

18. Quantifiers (2.47-58) some-, any-, no- Use ‘any’ in questions: –Is anyone/anybody home? –Are there any apples left? –Do you know any English words? and negated sentences: –I can’t see anyone/-body/-thing. –There isn’t any milk left. –She doesn’t know any German.

19. Use ‘some’ in affirmative (jakande) sentences: –I think somebody is at home. –There is some milk left. –They know some English words. –I need someone to ask.

20. some important exceptions! –Can I do something for you? –Would you like some more coffee? –Did you hear something? –Anybody can do this job. –We can meet anytime you like. Note! Nobody/No one has left. Everyone/everybody is here.

21. Note these! –Ask one of the teachers. – någon av –Ask some of the teachers. – några av –Did any of the teachers know? –None of the teachers knew. – ingen av –Neither of the teachers knew. – ingen av två –The teachers know each other (one another).

22. much - many In questions and most negated sentences: use much with uncountable nouns. –How much milk is there? use many with countable nouns. –There aren’t many cars in the street. compare with Swedish: ‘mycket bilar/äpplen’ in other sentences: a lot of/lots of/plenty of (a great deal of, a great many)

23. little - few use little with uncountable nouns –There’s little coffee left. use few with countable nouns –There are few pupils in the class. little - a little –There’s little milk left. –There’s a little milk left. = more positive

24. few - a few –There are few people here. –There are a few people here. = more positive Note! quite a few = ganska många quite few = ganska få most –Most pupils like drawing. –Most of my friends like skiing.

25. Swedish ‘nån/nåt’ =’a/an’ in English Examples: Is there a food store around here? No, there isn’t a food store around here. Do you have a pencil to lend me? Sorry, I don’t have a pencil.

26. Sum up Pronouns Personal Possessive Relative Question Quantifiers Some,any, no Powerpoint slides on course website