2. Objective To analyze algae-based CO 2 capture technology, its status, viability and future.

3. List of Contents Introduction Advantages of Algae-based Carbon Capture Key Players in Algae-based Carbon Capture Technology Current Status of Key Players Success Points of Pilot Projects Challenges and Efforts Conclusion

4. Introduction Why CO 2 Capture? Why Algae for CO 2 Capture? Algae -based CO 2 Capture Technology Flu gas purificationAlgae cultivation systemAlgal biomass Flue gas Nutrients Sunlight

5. Advantages of Algae-based Carbon Capture – Safe and sustainable – An onsite solution – Additional revenues – Highest rates of CO 2 uptake

6. Algae-based Carbon Capture vs Geological Sequestration Algae-based TechnologyGeological Sequestration Technology SustainableSocial problems arises SafeUntested on large scale No need to transport CO2Need to transport CO2 to sequestration site Generates biomassNo additional revenue Coupled with wastewater treatment Coupled with oil recovery $ = carbon credit + nutrient credit + biomass $ = carbon credit

7. Algae-based Carbon Capture Not a theory anymore !

8. The Key Players

9. Current Status of Key Players CompaniesProject phase RWE energyPilot Stage Portland General ElectricPilot Stage MBD EnergyPilot Stage SeambioticPilot Stage Linc EnergyResearch stage Trident ExplorationResearch stage NRG EnergyResearch stage EniTecnologiesResearch stage Glenturret Whisky distillery Research stage

10. Who Uses What? Open pond Closed pond Photobioreactor 4 ResearchNot yet tried 2 Research 1 Pilot 3 Pilot RWE energy Portland General Electric MBD Energy Seambiotic 3 pilot phase project uses photobioreactor 1 uses open pond

11. CO 2 Capture Potential Seambiotic 1,000 m 2 RWE energy 600 m 2 tonnes/acre/year Seambiotic uses open ponds and captures 80 tonnes of CO 2 per acre/year RWE energy uses photobioreactor and captures 87 tonnes of CO 2 per acre/ year

12. Biomass is a Bonus! Key PlayersEnd Use of Algae SeambioticFood additives, Fish feed and biofuels MBDAlgae oil Linc EnergyBiodiesel, Fertilizers and power. Trident ExplorationElectricity RWE energyBiogas plant Glenturret Whisky distilleryAnimal feed for cattle and Shellfish farms

13. Success Points of Pilot Projects - 40-50% carbon dioxide capture - Companies capture both carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide - Algae are successfully cultivated in sub freezing temperatures by using the waste heat generated from coal plants. - Additional revenues.

14. Grants & Investments - More than $ 200 million grants Department of Energy The Welsh Assembly Government - More than $ 200 million investments RWE energy MBD Energy

15. – Bubbling of carbon dioxide E.g. By altering pH – Energy intensive algae harvesting and drying E.g. Gravity settling – Low cost algae cultivation E.g. Wastewater cultivation Challenges addressed

16. Suitable algal strain selection Land availability near power plant Retrofitting algae systems in existing power plants Economic viability Industrial perception Challenges yet to be addressed

17. Conclusion Algae-based carbon capture technology is in its initial stages of research. Preliminary results suggest that there is a significant amount of investments and industrial participation. Hence, it is not a theory anymore and could have a good GHG abatement potential in future.

18. Questions?

19. Thank you