1. headache

2. Migraine Migraine is an episodic primary headache disorder. Symptoms typically last 4 to 72 h and may be severe. Pain is often unilateral, throbbing, worse with exertion, and accompanied by symptoms such as nausea and sensitivity to light, sound, or odors. Auras occur in about 25% of patients, usually just before but sometimes after the headache

3. Epidemiology Migraine is the most common cause of recurrent moderate to severe headache; 1-yr prevalence is 18% for women and 6% for men in the US. Migraine most commonly begins during puberty or young adulthood, waxing and waning in frequency and severity over the ensuing years; it often diminishes after age 50. Studies show familial aggregation of migraine

4. Pathophysiology Migraine is thought to be a neurovascular pain syndrome with altered central neuronal processing (activation of brain stem nuclei, cortical hyperexcitability, and spreading cortical depression) and involvement of the trigeminovascular system (triggering neuropeptide release, which causes painful inflammation in cranial vessels and the dura mater

5. Migraine triggers Drinking red wine Skipping meals Excessive afferent stimuli (eg, flashing lights, strong odors) Weather changes Sleep deprivation Stress Hormonal factors

6. Symptoms and Signs Often, attacks are heralded by a prodrome (a sensation that a migraine is beginning), which may include mood changes, loss of appetite, nausea, or a combination

7. An aura precedes attacks in about 25% of patients. Auras are temporary neurologic disturbances that can affect sensation, balance, muscle coordination, speech, or vision; they last minutes to an hour. The aura may persist after headache onset. Most commonly, auras involve visual symptoms (fortification spectra—eg, binocular flashes, arcs of scintillating lights, bright zigzags, scotomata

8. Headache varies from moderate to severe, and attacks last from 4 h to several days, typically resolving with sleep. The pain is often unilateral but may be bilateral, most often in a frontotemporal distribution, and is typically described as pulsating or throbbing

9. Other symptoms: Other, rare forms of migraine can cause other symptoms. Basilar artery migraine causes combinations of vertigo, ataxia, visual field loss, sensory disturbances, focal weakness, and altered level of consciousness. Hemiplegic migraine, which may be sporadic or familial, causes unilateral weakness

10. Diagnosis Clinical evaluation Diagnosis is based on characteristic symptoms and a normal physical examination, which includes a thorough neurologic examination

11. Treatment Elimination of triggers For stress, behavioral interventions For mild headaches, acetaminophen or NSAIDs For severe attacks, triptans

12. Triptans are selective serotonin 1B,1D receptor agonists. They are not analgesic per se but specifically block the release of vasoactive neuropeptides that trigger migraine pain. Triptans are most effective when taken at the onset of attacks. They are available in oral, intranasal, and sc forms. When nausea is prominent, combining a triptan with an antiemetic at the onset of attacks is effective.

13. Prevention Daily preventive therapy is warranted when frequent migraines interfere with activity despite acute treatment. Amitriptyline,β-Blockers,Divalproex, OnabotulinumtoxinA,Topiramate,Verapamil

14. Cluster Headache Cluster headaches cause excruciating, unilateral periorbital or temporal pain, with ipsilateral autonomic symptoms (ptosis, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion

15. Cluster headache affects primarily men, typically beginning at age 20 to 40; prevalence in the US is 0.4%. Usually, cluster headache is episodic; for 1 to 3 mo, patients experience ≥ 1 attack/day, followed by remission for months to years

16. Pathophysiology is unknown, but the periodicity suggests hypothalamic dysfunction

17. Symptoms and Signs Symptoms are distinctive. Attacks usually occur at the same time each day, often awakening patients from sleep. Pain is always unilateral in an orbitotemporal distribution. It is excruciating, peaking within minutes; it usually subsides spontaneously within 30 min to 1 h. Patients are agitated, restlessly pacing the floor, unlike migraine patients who prefer to lie quietly in a darkened room

18. Autonomic features, including nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, lacrimation, facial flushing, and Horner syndrome, are prominent and usually occur on the same side as the headache

19. Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on the distinctive symptom pattern and exclusion of intracranial abnormalities

20. Treatment For aborting attacks, parenteral triptans, dihydroergotamine, or 100% O2 For long-term prophylaxis, verapamil, lithium, topiramate, divalproex, or a combination

21. Tension-Type Headache Tension-type headache causes mild generalized pain without the incapacity, nausea, or photophobia associated with migraine

22. Tension-type headaches may be episodic or chronic. Episodic tension-type headaches occur < 15 days/mo. Episodic tension-type headache is very common; most patients obtain relief with OTC analgesics and do not seek medical attention. Tension-type headaches that occur ≥ 15 days/mo are considered chronic

23. Symptoms and Signs The pain is usually mild to moderate and often described as viselike. These headaches originate in the occipital or frontal region bilaterally and spread over the entire head.

24. Unlike migraine headaches, tension-type headaches are not accompanied by nausea and vomiting and are not made worse by physical activity, light, sounds, or smells. Potential triggers for chronic tension-type headache include sleep disturbances, stress, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, neck pain, and eyestrain

25. Episodic headaches may last 30 min to several days. They typically start several hours after waking and worsen as the day progresses. They rarely awaken patients from sleep

26. Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on characteristic symptoms and a normal physical examination, which includes a neurologic examination

27. Treatment Analgesics Sometimes behavioral and psychologic interventions