1. Herbicide Resistance: A “Wicked” Problem David R. Shaw Mississippi State University

2. “Wicked” Problems No definitive formulation No final solution No true/false or good/bad answers No definitive solution set Every wicked problem unique Multiple potential and viable causes Intolerance for ineffective solutions

7. What Have We Been Doing? Two Glyphosate Stewardship Forums National Academy study WSSA, other symposia Planning workshops Two Herbicide Resistance Summits ….

8. What Have We Said? APHIS-sponsored herbicide resistance papers on state of knowledge, best management practices, and recommendations Training modules – agronomic crops, turf, non-crop, aquatics, Spanish version Papers, websites, flyers, workshops, field days….

9. What Has Happened? Thousands of downloads of training modules Pesticide applicator certification and certified crop advisor CEUs MOA labeling on herbicides Increased use of soil-applied herbicides

10. And Yet….

11. The problem is INCREASING Unique resistance cases rising in US (Ian Heap 2014, http://WeedScience.com)http://WeedScience.com Acres infested with glyphosate-resistant weeds increasing in US –32.6 M acres in 2010 –61.2 M acres 2012 (Stratus Agri-Marketing) http://www.stratusresearch.com/blog/glyphosate- resistant-weeds-intensifying/

13. cotton Photo Courtesy Stanley Culpepper

15. Photo by A.C. York 2010

16. Insanity…. Doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result. Albert Einstein

17. Herbicide Resistance Evolution A biology problem… A technology problem… A HUMAN problem…

18. Ervin and Jussaume. 2014. Integrating Social Science into Managing Herbicide-Resistant Weeds and Associated Environmental Impacts. Weed Science 62(2):403-414. “Sole reliance on education, technical assistance, and other incentives aimed at changing individual grower behavior likely will fail to stem the advance of HR.”

19. What’s Next? We have to do something “different”. Otherwise we are the very definition of insanity. The human dimension MUST come into play, and be integrated with biology, to guide strategies from here forward. Considerations from a sociological, economic standpoint.

20. 2 nd Herbicide Resistance Summit Understanding the socio-economic dimensions of the problem Moving to more systems-based solutions Re-evaluate what we have been doing that has NOT worked Everybody has a role to play!

21. Growers Center of weed management community Final decision of programs implemented More to gain/more to lose than anyone Get information from a variety of sources, some good, some not so good

22. Government Agencies ARS – area-wide programs APHIS – resistant species = new pest NIFA – grant programs not one-time need ERS – long-term profitability – urgent need NRCS – conservation program incentives RMA – crop insurance incentive? OPMP – organization and communication EPA – regulatory challenges

23. Commodity/Farm Organizations Form strategic alliances –Across commodities and regions –Influence on legislation and ag agencies You can make things happen Help organize grower communities

24. Proposed Outcomes of the 2 nd Summit Everyone takes ownership Everyone commits to action Individuals and groups step forward to lead efforts Establish networks to communicate, coordinate, and plan for success

25. USDA WASHINGTON, Oct. 15, 2014 — Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack today announced several steps that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is taking to address the increase of herbicide resistant weeds in U.S. agricultural systems. "Weed control in major crops is almost entirely accomplished with herbicides today," said Vilsack. "USDA, working in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency, must continue to identify ways to encourage producers to adopt diverse tactics for weed management in addition to herbicide control. The actions we are taking today are part of this effort."

26. USDA USDA's Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) will offer financial assistance under its Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) for herbicide resistant weed control practices that utilize Integrated Pest Management plans and practices. Later this year NRCS will be soliciting proposals under the Conservation Innovation Grants (CIG) Program for innovative conservation systems that address herbicide resistant weeds. USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) will actively promote use of best management practices (BMPs) in design protocols for regulated authorized releases of genetically engineered (GE) crops and will include recommendations for BMPs with the authorization of field trials of HR crops. USDA is partnering with the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) and is providing funds to develop education and outreach materials for various stakeholders on managing herbicide–resistant weeds. The Secretary has directed Dr. Sheryl Kunickis, Director of the USDA Office of Pest Management Policy, as the point person leading this effort with the USDA.

27. NRCS Conservation Innovation Grants Program Using a community approach, learn how to effectively engage, educate and change farmer behavior to embrace and implement best management practices (BMP) to delay the onset of herbicide resistance in diverse crop production areas.

28. USDA Area-Wide Programs Learn from previous successful efforts in community-based approaches: –Boll Weevil Eradication Program –Water Management Districts –Cooperative Weed Management Areas –Zero Tolerance Palmer Amaranth Program

29. USDA Animal-Plant Health Inspection Service Actively evaluating how they can partner with EPA on requirements for new GMO crop registrations.

30. USDA Economic Research Service Data on economics of resistance management Definitive paper developed by M. Livingston, G. Frisvold

31. EPA New Enlist Duo label – first-ever requirement for stewardship plan for proactively managing herbicide resistance as a part of the label itself. Indication that other herbicides must do so during re-registration.

32. Take Action Campaign Initiated by United Soybean Board, now with collaboration of many other commodities and companies. Using marketing approach to more effectively deliver information in a more understandable and usable form. Exploring partnership with WSSA, others.

33. Certification Programs Leadership by American Society of Agronomy, Certified Crop Advisor program. Collaboration with WSSA, other organizations. Developing deeper, cross-cutting pesticide resistance training requirements. Developing specialized certification for resistance stewardship plan development.

34. At the End of the Day Resistance will only be managed through the combined efforts of ALL parties involved: growers, industry, universities, retailers, dealers, consultants, commodity groups, government, landowners, lending institutions, professional societies, press, non-governmental organizations…. EVERYONE!