1. Key Issue 4: Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

2. Preserving Language Diversity Thousands of languages are extinct Extinct Languages: once in use, but no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world Endangered Languages

3. Example: Gothic Once widely spoken in Eastern & Northern Europe in the 3 rd century A.D. East Germanic group Last speakers of Gothic Why did Gothic die?

4. Invasion of the Germanic Tribes

5. Preserving Languages European Bureau for Lesser used Languages Nonetheless, experts estimate that hundreds of languages will become extinct in the 21 st century.

6. Hebrew: Reviving Extinct Languages Hebrew is a rare case of an extinct language that has been revived. Most of the Bible’s Old Testament was written in Hebrew It diminished in use in the 4 th century B.C. At the time of Jesus, most people spoke Aramaic

7. Hebrew Continued… Israel was established in 1948 and Hebrew was chosen (along with Arabic) as an official language Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

8. Celtic: Preserving Endangered Languages This was the major language spoken in the British Isles before the Germanic tribes came. Today, Celtic survives only in remoter parts of Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and the Brittany peninsula of France.

9. Celtic Continued… Celtic Language Groups: Goidelic (Gaelic) Group—Irish & Scottish Gaelic Brythonic Group—Welsh Why did Celtic decline? Revival of Celtic Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (Welsh Language Society)

10. Celtic Sights & Sounds Here is the companion website to the National Geographic article: http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ng m/0603/sights_n_sounds/index.html

11. Multilingual States Belgium Southern Belgians speak French (Walloons live in Wallonia) Northern Belgians speak Flemish (Flemings live in Flanders) Brussels is located in Flanders, but is officially bilingual

12. Belgium Continued…

13. Multilingual States Continued… Switzerland Switzerland peacefully coexists with multiple languages. 4 official languages: German (65%), French (18%), Italian (10%), & Romansh (1%).

14. Switzerland Continued…

15. Isolated Languages Basque Basque is the only language currently spoken in Europe that survives from the period before the arrival of Indo- European speakers. Spoken by 600,000 people n the Pyrenees Mountains.

16. Isolated Languages Continued… Icelandic Icelandic is related to other languages (Germanic branch), but it has changed less than any other language in the Germanic branch. Iceland’s history explains this…

17. Global Dominance of English Lingua Franca: language used for international communication. Pidgin Language: a simplified form of a lingua franca English Stats: 90% of E.U. students learn English 500 million people speak English fluently as a second language Why do students want to learn English?

18. Expansion Diffusion of English English is diffusion in a snowballing process (expansion!) English is dynamic Recent changes in English have come up from common usage, rather than being directed down from the elite

19. Expansion of English Continued… Ebonics Slavery and language Segregation Recognized dialect with distinct rules Appalachian Dialect Distinctive dialect “Bidialectic” Use of both of these dialects is controversial

20. Expansion Diffusion of English Continued… English words have become increasingly integrated into other languages Japanese words Beisiboru Naifu Sutoroberi keki Hanbaga Bigu Macu

21. Expansion Diffusion of English Continued… Franglais Language is a source of national pride in France The French do not like the dominance of English Quebec Spanglish Spanglish is an integration of English with Spanish, rather than the mere borrowing of words Spanglish is regarded as an enriching of both languages Denglish

22. So… Why do people preserve local languages?