2. Chemistry in Daily Life The images on the last slide were pretty stereotypical, right? But if you just look around you now, you will observe many examples of items that are related to chemistry and its study. Take 2 minutes and see how many you can list. Consider other daily activities (eating, bathing, driving, recreation, etc.) and think of how these relate to chemistry.

3. Again, What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of the COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, and PROPERTIES of MATTER, the PROCESSES that MATTER undergoes, and the ENERGY CHANGES that accompany these processes.

4. Tools for Chemistry We use our senses—vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell—to make OBSERVATIONS. Are there limits to using our senses? How can we extend our senses? Laboratory equipment such as scales, thermometers, and multimeters let us make quantitative measurements. Microscopes, such as scanning electron microscopes and x-ray microscopes X-ray diffraction Chromatography Spectrometers Centrifuges

5. Branches of Chemistry Historically, the natural sciences were divided into two broad categories: biological sciences and physical sciences. However, since we now recognize that both living and non-living matter consists of chemical structures, chemistry is central to all the sciences. There are many different branches of study and research in chemistry (which often overlap): Organic chemistry Inorganic chemistry Physical chemistry Analytic chemistry Biochemistry Theoretical chemistry

6. Organic Chemistry The study of CARBON- containing compounds, such as hydrocarbons and biological organisms. AKA the chemistry of carbon. AKA the chemistry of life.

7. Inorganic Chemistry The study of non- organic substances (no carbon framework or C-H bonds). Examples are minerals and fertilizers.

8. Physical Chemistry (Pchem) The study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy. It applies physics to the study of chemistry. Commonly this includes the applications of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics to chemistry. Semiconductor nanoparticles Liquid crystals

9. Analytic Chemistry The identification of the components and composition of materials The development of tools used to measure properties of matter

10. Biochemistry The study of substances and chemical processes occurring inside of LIVING organisms. Associated with molecular biology and genetics.

11. Theoretical Chemistry Theoretical chemists replace the laboratory equipment of the experimentalist with mental tools like imagination and mathematical analysis Mainly use mathematics and computers to: understand the principles observed in chemical behavior and design and predict the properties of new compounds

12. What is a chemical? A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition. Examples are water, propane, carbon dioxide, calcium sulfate, and sucrose.

13. How is chemistry carried out? Basic research Applied research Technological development

14. Basic Research To increase knowledge, such as how and why a specific reaction occurs and the properties of a substance. Driven by curiosity. A chance discovery of basic research was Teflon ® (polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE) which was discovered by Roy Plunkett in 1938 when he was puzzled by a supposedly empty gas cylinder that weighed too much. When he cut the cylinder open, he found a white solid that his team tested to determine its properties, molecular structure, and chemical composition.

15. Applied Research Usually carried out to solve a particular problem. This is research WITH A PURPOSE. When refrigerants and propellants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) escape into the atmosphere, they destroy the ozone which shields Earth’s surface from harmful UV radiation. Chemists have developed new refrigerants to protect the environment but not all countries have agreed to use them instead of CFCs.

16. Technological Development The production and use of products that improve our quality of life, such as computers, catalytic converters for cars, and biodegradable materials. Often lags behind discoveries (e.g., nonstick cookware using Teflon wasn’t developed until 1956 and has since surmounted several initial problems by developing newer nonstick coatings and application techniques).

17. Basic research, applied research, and technological development often overlap, with discoveries in basic research leading to applications that can result in new technologies. Knowledge of crystals and light → Development of lasers → Optical fibers used for telephone and cable communications

18. Section Questions 1.Define chemistry. 2.What are the six branches of study in chemistry? For each, state its subject area. 3.Compare and contrast basic research, applied research, and technological development. 4.Scientific and technological advances are constantly changing how people live and work. Write a paragraph about a change that you have observed in your lifetime that has made life easier or more enjoyable for you.