1. Lectures07 By Engr. Muhammad Ashraf Bhutta

2. In Manufacturing fiber there are Two challenges

3. Purifying Silica For good fiber the maximum tolerable level of impurity due the presence of transition metals like Fe,Cu,Mn etc is about 1 part 10 9 that is 1000 times better than traditional chemical purification About 1 part in 10 8 but this is also very hard to achieve

4. Form this process is difficult because of high temperatures involved

7. Drawing The Fiber

8. From a reservoir

9. Drawing Tower This tower is About 20feet high to allow The fiber to cool down before being spooled

12. Vapour deposition Techniques

17. Problems of this process

18. Vapour Phase Axial Deposition

22. MCVD

25. With G IMM fiber It can be significant problem

28. Mid-1960s: Attenuation in bulk glass was ∼ Attempted guiding structures included surface-wave devices ◦Metallic tubes and hollow dielectric tubes Kao and Hockham pointed out what had to be done to reduce attenuation Reduce concentration of transition-metal ions (Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, Co) to less than 1 part per billion Increase purity of SiO2 to make attenuation mostly scattering loss In 1971 Kapron et al. at Corning made a fiber with α ≈ BRIEF HISTORY OF OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY

29. ◦ Dispersion produces pulse broadening and limits bit rate Unclad fiber was widely used for imaging and short- distance transmission ◦Very rapid pulse broadening not suitable for communications

30. OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL FIBER MANUFACTURING An optical fiber is drawn from a preform Dimensions are 1 meter in length by 2 cm in diameter Refractive-index profile is the same (relative to the outside diameter) as in the finished fiber The core is doped with GeO2 or P2O5 to increase the refractive index B2O3 and F can be used in the cladding to decrease the refractive index

31. In the vapor-deposition methods, SiO2 is obtained by reacting SiCl4 with O2 to produce a porous “soot” of silica: SiCl4 + 2O2 →SiO2 + 2Cl2

32. DRAWING AN OPTICAL FIBER

33. OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL FIBER MANUFACTURING (2) Methods for fabricating a preform Modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) ◦The cladding and core are deposited on the inside of a fused silica tube The refractive-index profile is controlled by adding various dopants as deposition progresses At the end, the tube is heated and collapses into a solid rod Outside vapor deposition (OVD) The layers of the preform are deposited on the outside of a rotating mandrel using flame hydrolysis(Al 2 O 3 or graphite rod is rotated ) The mandrel’s thermal expansion coefficient is larger than that of the preform, so the mandrel drops out after cooling ◦

34. Vapor axial deposition (VAD) Deposition occurs on the end of a rotating rod

35. MCVD PROCESS FOR FABRICATING A PREFORM

36. OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL FIBER MANUFACTURING (3) Coating Deposited immediately after the fiber is pulled Purposes: ◦Protection from abrasion Surface flaws cause cracks to form Protection from H2O Exposure to H2O would promote growth of crystallites fracture Identification

37. Cable Jacket contains one to many fiber bundles, each inside a buffer tube Purposes: Mechanical strength ◦Protection from H2O and other environmental chemicals

38. DISPERSION IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Dispersion is the property that the velocity of light depends on the optical frequency or the mode of propagation in a wave guide Dispersion causes the duration and shape of an optical pulse to change in the course of propagation, causing bit errors in reception Causes of dispersion: Frequency dependence of the refractive index (material dispersion) Frequency dependence of the propagation constant in a fiber mode (wave guide dispersion) Dispersion in optical fibers: Different fiber modes have different propagation constants at the same frequency, making pulses launched simultaneously in different modes arrive at the receiver at different times (intermodal dispersion)

39. A single pulse in a single fiber mode contains a range of frequencies, each of which propagates at a different velocity (group-velocity dispersion)

40. INTERMODAL DISPERSION (1) Different modes of propagation in a waveguide correspond to different E and H field patterns For a fiber with a sufficiently small core radius, there is only one propagating mode Different modes propagate at different speeds because some modes take a longer path through a fiber than others Also called multipath dispersion The differential mode delay for step-index fiber is the difference in arrival times of two pulses launched into different modes

41. is the propagation velocity of a monochromatic wave in the core of the fiber Differential mode delay is important for LAN technologies

42. INTERMODAL DISPERSION (2)

43. INTERMODAL DISPERSION (3)

44. INTERMODAL DISPERSION (4)

45. INTERMODAL DISPERSION (5)

46. GROUP-VELOCITY DISPERSION