1. Protist Lab #1: Protozoans Objectives: Describe how protists fit into the scheme of eukaryotic diversity Define the term “protist” and describe the subgroups of protist based on feeding and ecological role Describe and give examples of protozoan diversity To differentiate the various morphology, feeding habits, and ways of moving found among the protozoans To be able to identify a variety of protozoans and their characteristics Describe some basic characteristics of representative Protozoan taxa

2. Eukaryotic Origins and Unity Eukaryotic cell & Eukaryotic Diversity emerged 1.8 billions years ago Invagination of plasma membrane & serial endocytosis Complex cytoskeleton promotes movement, endocytosis, & maintenance of asymmetry DNA/Chromosomes enclosed w/ in nucleus Complex membrane-bound organelles Mitochondria Plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) in photosynthetic varieties Invagination of plasma membrane endosymbiosis Single event gave rise to mitochondria and all Euk cells Later event(s) gave rise to pastid containing cells

3. Endosymbiotic Theory divergence Cyanobacteria-like proteobacteria

4. All eukaryotic cells share a common ancestry --mitochondria are a shared ancestral trait UNIVERSAL ANCESTOR Eukaryotes Korarchaeotes Euryarchaeotes Crenarchaeotes Nanoarchaeotes Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Cyanobacteria Gram-positive bacteria Domain Eukarya Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Endosymbiosis - mitochondria

5. Protist = descriptive terms NOT a taxon Protist = Eukaryotes that are not Fungi, Plants, or Animals Historically categorized based on nutritional mode, mode of movement, how they fed Three groups: Protozoans (animal-like, mostly heterotrophic) Algae (plant-like, mostly photoautotrophic) Slide Molds (fungus like) Live in water or very wet/damp environments ( including inside other organisms )

6. Most Protists are Unicellular: Entire cell does every necessary function Small & simple Low metabolic need O2 & CO2 move by diffusion across surface Water moves by osmosis in & out directly across surface No organs or organ systems, functions are taken care of largely by organelles. Heterotrophic forms ingest food/nutrients by phagocytosis Psuedopods, cilia, and/or flagella for movement (and/or feeding)

7. Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians “SAR” clade Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Green algae Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Archaeplastida Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Unikonta Choanoflagellates Animals Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Eukarytotic Supergroups Includes: “protists” + fungi, plants, & Animals

8. Figure 28.2a Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians “SAR” clade Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Green algae Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Archaeplastida Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Unikonta Choanoflagellates Animals Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Endosymbiosis - mitochondria Primary Endosymbiosis - plastids secondary Endosymbiosis - plastids Secondary endocytosis of ancestral red algae

9. Figure 28.2a Survey of Protozoan Diversity Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans—Euglena, Trypanosoma Excavata Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans -- Plasmodium Ciliates – Paramecium & Vorticella Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians “SAR” clade Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Green algae Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Archaeplastida Slime molds Tubulinids -- Amoeba Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Unikonta Choanoflagellates Animals Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Based on cytoskeleton & genetic data Based on whole genome similarity Based on primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium Based on genetic data

10. Today’s Lab: survey of protozoans Protozoans = “animal-like”, i.e., heterotrophic (for the most part) Description based on ecological role as consumers (although some are parasites/pathogens) Structures for motility and/or feeding Cilia, flagella, psuedopodia Food vacuole w/ intracellular digestion Contractile vacuole for water balance (expels excess water) Some with test, “shell”, sometimes called a “wall” Some forms with multiple nuclei (macronuclei & micronuclei)

11. Survey of Selected Protists Supergroup Excavata Diplomonads & Parabasalids (largely parasites) reduced & modified mitochondria in anaerobic environments Euglenids (Excavata>Euglenozoan>Euglenids) Flagella w/ “rod” Look at Euglena (eye spot, and mixotrophic) Kinetoplastids (Excavata>Euglenozoans>Kinetoplastids) single large mitochondria w/ DNA mass known as kinetoplast Look at Trypanosoma Pathogen: “sleeping sickness” & Chagas disease

12. Survey of Selected Protists Supergroup SAR Alveolates (membrane enclosed sacs just under plasma membrane) Ciliates (SAR>avleolates>ciliates) Cilia to move and/or feed Look at Paramecium (predator) Macro and micronuclei Conjugation (exchange of haploid micronuclei) Asexual fission Look at Vorticela (predator) Apicomplexans (SAR>Alveolates>apicomplexans) parasites (infectious sporozoite stage has complex apex) Complex life cycles Look at Plasmodium Malaria pathogen

13. Survey of Selected Protists Supergroup SAR Continued Rhizarians Have thin, threadlike pseudopods for feeding Radiolarians (SAR>rhizarians>Radiolarians) internal skeletons of silica, lipids/oils for buoyancy, may contain symbiotic algae Look at Radiolarians (prepared slide) Foraminiferans (SAR>rhizarians>Forams) Test of calcium carbonate Psuedopods for feeding and movement Often symbiotic algae Look at Formainferans (prepared slide, w/ test only)

14. Survey of Selected Protists Supergroup Unikonts Amoebozonas: amoeba w/ thick (lobe or tube-like) pseudopodia Tubulinids (Unikonts>Amoebozoans>Tubulinds) Free living amoeaba (predoators) Look at Amoeba (A. proteus) Entamoebas (Unikonts>Amoebozoans>endamoebas) are parasites and pathogens, e.g., dysentery

15. We will look at (depending on availability) : Live Cultures Paramecium & Vorticela SAR>avleolates>ciliates (cilia to move and/or feed) Amoeba (A. proteus) (“amoeba” is a general term referring to shape/movement it is not a clade or single taxa) Unikonts>Tubulinids Euglena Excavata>Euglenozoans>euglenids Pond water (mixed protists) Prepared Slides Trypanosoma Excavata>Euglenozoans>Kinetoplastids Plasmodium SAR>Alveolates>apicomplexans Paramecium in conjugation Radiolarians SAR>rhizarians>Radiolarians Foraminiferans SAR>rhizarians>Forams