1. PHARMACOBOTANY LECTURE 5. PLANT TISSUES III.

2. VASCULAR TISSUES

3. Xylem transporting water and mineral substances from the root upwards to other plant organs Phloem carries photosynthetic assimilates from the leaf (=place of photosynthesis) downwards to other plant organs VASCULAR TISSUES

5. Vascular tissues XYLEM PHLOEM Procambium protoxylem metaxylem protophloem metaphloem Cellular elements: tracheids tracheas xylem parenchyma cells xylem fibers sieve cells sieve tubes companion cells phloem parenchyma cells phloem fibers primary xylemprimary phloem

6. Cellular elements of vascular tissues sieve tube element with companion cell cambiform cell phloem parenchyma phloem fiber cambiumcambium tracheid trachea element xylem paren- chyma xylem fiber PHLOEM XYLEM

7. XYLEM – CELLULAR ELEMENTS Tracheids / Water-conducting cells: elongated cells, pointed end walls, lignified cell walls  dead cells Tracheas / Vessels: trachea elements / vessel members dead cells, end walls are perforated or disappear Xylem parenchyma cells: living, cytoplasm-containing cells, storage (transport) Xylem fibers: elongated, lignified cell walls, dead cells supporting function

8. XYLEM sclerenchyma fibers tracheids: primary cell wall with pores end wall total perforationtracheids xylem elements primary cell wall with pores

10. Tracheas

11. root of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) xylem fibers

12. CELL WALL THICKENING I. CENTRIFUGAL - new cell wall material is deposited on outer surface of primary cell wall - cells not embedded in tissues (e.g. pollen, spores, trichomes) II. CENTRIPETAL - cell wall thickening inwards, towards cell lumen (1)Evenly only certain walls (epidermis, endodermis) each cell wall (sclereids, sclerenchyma fibers) (2) Unevenly Affects smaller part of cell wall: annular, spiral, reticulate, scalariform Affects larger part of cell wall: pits, bordered pits, channels in cell wall

13. Centrifugal cell wall thickening pollen grains and spores

14. Centripetal cell wall thickening b: annular c: spiral d: reticulate e: pitted f: channeled 1-3.: bordered pits

15. annular spiral bordered pits pitted cell wall bordered pits

17. PHLOEM – CELLULAR ELEMENTS Sieve cells: elongated, cylindrical, protoplasm containing living cells, with oblique, pitted or reticulate end walls side walls: sieve areas with pores (cell-to-cell communication) - cytoplasm strands to adjacent cells Sieve tubes: sieve tube elements, end walls: perforated sieve plate Companion cells: accompany sieve tube elements in angiosperms; living cells containing cytoplasm and nucleus Phloem parenchyma cells: living, cytoplasm-containing, storing nutrients Phloem fibers: elongated, sharply tapering ends, cellulose walls, strengthen the vascular tissue

18. PHLOEM sclerenchyma cells sieve plate sieve element companion cell

20. phloem fibers of hemp e: epidermis ek: primary cortex hr: phloem fiber h: phloem k: cambium

23. Vascular tissues Cambial ring / Vascular cambium secondary xylem secondary phloem a) cellular elements – like in primary xylemphloem b) transitory elements: fiber tracheids divided xylem fibers supplementary fibers cambiform cells divided phloem fibers supplementary fibers

24. Types of vascular tissue arrangement Procambium contiguousfascicular annular vascular tissuevascular bundles

25. VASCULAR BUNDLE TYPES Simple RadialCompound CollateralConcentric closedopenbicollateral amphicribral amphivasal phloem xylem cambium

26. simple vasc.bundles 1 closed collateral 2 open collateral 3 bicollateral 4 amphivasal 5 amphicribral dicot root monocot root monocot stemdicot stem compound bundles phloem xylem phloem xylem

29. Vascular bundles in circle – dicot plants stem of Ambrosia artemisiifolia stem of Aquilegia sp.

30. stem of maize (Zea mays)rhizome of Iris sp. Scattered vascular bundles – monocot plants

31. closed collateral bundle (Lilium) open collateral bundle (Aristolochia) xylem phloem vascular cambium

32. Structure of open collateral bundle tracheid trachea sieve tube phloem companion cell parenchyma xylem:

33. stem of Aquilegia sp. petiole of Tussilago farfara Collateral open bundles

34. leaf of eucalyptus Collateral closed bundles

35. stem of maize Collateral closed bundles

36. Cucumis: bicollateral vascular bundle xylem cambium phloem

37. Polypodium rhizome cross section amphicribral vascular bundle phloem xylem

38. Acorus calamus rhizome cross section amphivasal vascular bundle xylem phloem

39. Bundle sheats flower of Tilia sp. leaf of oleander

40. Thickening types of the stem Helianthus type Aristolochia type Ricinus type Tilia type

41. stem of St. John’s wort

42. Structure of woody stems

43. Pinus fiatal ág4x cells of ground tissue rhytidoma resin duct epithel cells xylem phloem cambium young stem of Pinus griffithii

44. rhizome of Tussilago farfara

45. Root

46. Triticum root cross section polyarch root xylem bundle

47. Ranunculus root cross section tetrarch root phloem bundle xylem bundle

48. aerial root of philodendron (Monstera deliciosa) xylem phloem