2. On Time Versus Input Size Great Theoretical Ideas In Computer Science S. Rudich V. Adamchik CS 15-251 Spring 2006 Lecture 17March 21, 2006Carnegie Mellon University # of bits timetime

3. Welcome to the 9 th week 1.Time complexity of algorithms 2.Space complexity of songs

4. How to add 2 n-bit numbers. ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** +

5. *** *** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** *** *** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** +

6. *** *** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** *** *** **** **** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** +

7. *** *** ** ** ** ** ** ** *** *** **** **** **** **** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** +

8. *** *** ** ** ** ** *** *** **** **** **** **** **** **** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** +

9. *** *** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** * * * * + * ** * “Grade school addition”

10. Time complexity of grade school addition + T(n) = amount of time grade school addition uses to add two n-bit numbers What do you mean by “time”? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

11. Our Goal We want to define “time” taken by the method of grade school addition without depending on the implementation details.

12. Hold on! But you agree that T(n) does depend on the implementation! A given algorithm will take different amounts of time on the same inputs depending on such factors as: Processor speed Instruction set Disk speed Brand of compiler

13. Our Goal Therefore, we can only speak of the time taken by any particular implementation, as opposed to the time taken by the method in the abstract.

14. These objections are serious, but they are not undefeatable. There is a very nice sense in which we can analyze grade school addition without having to worry about implementation details. Here is how it works...

15. Grade school addition On any reasonable computer M, adding 3 bits and writing down 2 bits (for short ) can be done in constant time c. Total time to add two n-bit numbers using grade school addition: c*n [c time for each of n columns]

16. Grade school addition On another computer M’, the time to perform may be c’. Total time to add two n-bit numbers using grade school addition: c’*n [c’ time for each of n columns]

17. Different machines result in different slopes, but time grows linearly as input size increases. f # of bits in the numbers timetime Machine M: cn Machine M’: c’n

18. Thus we arrive at an implementation independent insight: Grade School Addition is a linear time algorithm.

19. We can define away the details of the world that we do not wish to currently study, in order to recognize the similarities between seemingly different things…

20. The process of abstracting away details and determining the rate of resource usage in terms of the problem size is one of the fundamental ideas in computer science.

21. You can measure “time” as the number of elementary “steps” defined in any other way, provided each such “step” takes constant time in a reasonable implementation. Constant: independent of the length n of the input.

22. How to multiply 2 n-bit numbers. X * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * n2n2

23. The total time is bounded by c n 2 (abstracting away the implementation details).

24. Grade School Addition: Linear time Grade School Multiplication: Quadratic time No matter how dramatic the difference in the constants, the quadratic curve will eventually dominate the linear curve # of bits in the numbers timetime

25. Time vs. Input Size For any algorithm, define n – the input size and T(n) - the amount of time used on inputs of size n We will ask: What is the growth rate of T(n) ?

26. Useful notation to discuss growth rates For any monotonic functions f, g from the positive integers to the positive integers, we say f(n) = O( g(n) ) if g(n) eventually dominates f(n) [Formally: there exists a constant c such that for all sufficiently large n: f(n) ≤ c*g(n) ]

27. More useful notation: Ω For any monotonic functions f, g from the positive integers to the positive integers, we say f(n) = Ω( g(n) ) if: f(n) eventually dominates g(n) [Formally: there exists a constant c such that for all sufficiently large n: f(n) ≥ c*g(n) ]

28. Yet more useful notation: Θ For any monotonic functions f, g from the positive integers to the positive integers, we say f(n) = Θ( g(n) ) if: f(n) = O( g(n) ) and f = Ω( G(n) )

29. # of bits in numbers timetime f = Θ(n) means that f can be sandwiched between two lines from some point on.

30. Quickies n = O(n 2 ) ? n = O(√n) ? n 2 = Ω(n log n) ? 3n 2 + 4n +  = Ω(n 2 ) ? 3n 2 + 4n +  = Θ(n 2 ) ? n 2 log n = Θ(n 2 ) ?

31. n 2 log n = Θ(n 2 ) n 2 log n = O(n 2 ) n 2 log n = Ω(n 2 ) Two statements in one! NO YES

32. Names For Some Growth Rates Linear Time: T(n) = O(n) Quadratic Time: T(n) = O(n 2 ) Cubic Time: T(n) = O(n 3 ) Polynomial Time: for some constant k, T(n) = O(n k ). Example: T(n) = 13n 5

33. Large Growth Rates Exponential Time: for some constant k, T(n) = O(k n ) Example: T(n) = n2 n = O(3 n ) Almost Exponential Time: for some constant k, T(n) = 2 kth root of n Example: T ( n ) = 2 p n

34. Small Growth Rates Logarithmic Time: T(n) = O(logn) Example: T(n) = 15log 2 (n) Polylogarithmic Time: for some constant k, T(n) = O(log k (n)) Note: These kind of algorithms can’t possibly read all of their inputs.

35. Complexity of Songs Suppose we want to sing a song of length n. Since n can be large, we want to memorize songs which require only a small amount of brain space. Let S(n) be the space complexity of a song.

36. Complexity of Songs The amount of space S(n) can be measured in either characters of words. What is asymptotic relation between # of characters and the # of words?

37. Complexity of Songs S(n) is the space complexity of a song. What is the upper and lower bounds for S(n)?

38. Complexity of Songs with a refrain Let S be a song with m verses of length V and a refrain of length R. The refrain is first, last and between. What is the space complexity of S?

39. 100 Bottles of Beer n bottles of beer on the wall, n bottles of beer. You take one down and pass it around. n-1 bottles of beer on the wall. What is the space complexity of S?

40. The k Days of Christmas On the k day of Christmas, my true love sent to me gift 1,…, gift k What is the space complexity of this song?

41. The worst time complexity The best time complexity The average time complexity The amortized time complexity The randomized time complexity Time complexities

42. In sorting and searching (array) algorithms, the input size is the number of items. In graph algorithm the input size is presented by V+E In number algorithms, the input size is the number of bits. The input size

43. Primality boolean prime(int n) { int k = 2; while( k++ <= Math.sqrt(n) ) if(n%k == 0) return false; return true; } What is the complexity of this algorithm?

44. Primality The number of passes through the loop is  n. Therefore, T(n) = O(  n). But what is n?

45. For a given algorithm, the input size is defined as the number of characters it takes to write (or encode) the input. The input size

46. Primality The number of passes through the loop is  n. If we use base 10 encoding, it takes O( log 10 n ) = input_size characters (digits) to encode n. Therefore, T(n) = 10^(input_size/2) The time complexity is not polynomial!

47. Fibonacci Numbers public static int fib( int n ) { int [] f = new int[n+2]; f[0]=0; f[1]=1; for( int k = 2; k<=n; k++) f[k] = f[k-1] +f[k-2]; return f[n]; } What is the complexity of this algorithm?

48. 0-1 Knapsack problem A thief breaks into a jewelry store carrying a knapsack. Each item in the store has a value and a weight. The knapsack will break if the total weight exceeds W. The thief’s dilemma is to maximize the total value What is the time complexity using the dynamic programming approach?

49. Some Big Ones Doubly Exponential Time means that for some constant k Triply Exponential And so forth. T ( n ) = 2 2 k n T ( n ) = 2 2 2 k n

50. Faster and Faster: 2STACK 2STACK(0) = 1 2STACK(n) = 2 2STACK(n-1) 2STACK(1) = 2 2STACK(2) = 4 2STACK(3) = 16 2STACK(4) = 65536 2STACK(5) ¸ 10 80 = atoms in universe 2 2 2 2 ::: 2 “tower of n 2’s” 2STACK(n) =

51. And the inverse of 2STACK: log* log*(n) = # of times you have to apply the log function to n to make it ≤ 1 2STACK(0) = 1 2STACK(n) = 2 2STACK(n-1) 2STACK(1) = 2 2STACK(2) = 4 2STACK(3) = 16 2STACK(4) = 65536 2STACK(5) ¸ 10 80 = atoms in universe

52. And the inverse of 2STACK: log* 2STACK(0) = 1log*(1) = 0 2STACK(n) = 2 2STACK(n-1) 2STACK(1) = 2log*(2) = 1 2STACK(2) = 4log*(4) = 2 2STACK(3) = 16log*(16) = 3 2STACK(4) = 65536log*(65536) = 4 2STACK(5) ¸ 10 80 log*(atoms) = 5 = atoms in universe log*(n) = # of times you have to apply the log function to n to make it ≤ 1

53. So an algorithm that can be shown to run in O(n log * n) Time is Linear Time for all practical purposes!!

54. Ackermann’s Function A(0, n) = n + 1 for n ≥ 0 A(m, 0) = A(m - 1, 1) for m ≥ 1 A(m, n) = A(m - 1, A(m, n - 1)) for m, n ≥ 1 A(4,2) > # of particles in universe A(5,2) can’t be written out in this universe

55. Inverse Ackermann function A(0, n) = n + 1 for n ≥ 0 A(m, 0) = A(m - 1, 1) for m ≥ 1 A(m, n) = A(m - 1, A(m, n - 1)) for m, n ≥ 1 Define: A’(k) = A(k,k) Inverse Ackerman α(n) is the inverse of A’ Practically speaking:n × α(n) ≤ 4n

56. The inverse Ackermann function – in fact, Θ(n α(n)) arises in the seminal paper of D. D. Sleator and R. E. Tarjan. A data structure for dynamic trees. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 26(3):362-391, 1983.

57. Time complexity of grade school addition *** *** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** + * ** * **** **** T(n) = The amount of time grade school addition uses to add two n-bit numbers We saw that T(n) was linear. T(n) = Θ(n)

58. Time complexity of grade school multiplication T(n) = The amount of time grade school multiplication uses to add two n-bit numbers We saw that T(n) was quadratic. T(n) = Θ(n 2 ) X * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * n2n2

59. Next Class Will Bonzo be able to add two numbers faster than Θ(n)? Can Odette ever multiply two numbers faster than Θ(n 2 )? Tune in on Thursday, same time, same place…