1. UNIT 8: AP GOVT Chapter 17: Foreign Policy

2. Introduction Foreign Policy  Programs & policies that determine America’s relations with other nations & foreign entities  Often thought of as non-partisan

3. Key Foreign Policy Players President Congress The Bureaucracy

4. Key Agencies Responsible for Foreign Affairs State Department (esp. Secretary of State)  Responsible for day-to-day management  Foreign Service Department of Defense  Advisors & responsible for military bases  Joint Chiefs of Staff Department of Agriculture, Labor, Commerce, Treasury Department of Homeland Security  Coordinates anti-terrorism efforts

5. Key Agencies cont. Agency for International Development US Information Agency  Voice of America & Radio Free Europe National Security Council  Coordinates policy that affect national security Director of National Intelligence: James Clapper  Oversees all intelligence agencies  CIA, FBI, State Dept Bureau of Intelligence, Dept of Energy Office of Intelligence, Dept of Treasury Office of Intelligence, National Security Agency, National Reconnaissance Office

6. The Goals of Foreign Policy Promoting Security  Nation-states vs. Non-state actors Economic Prosperity  Free trade; NAFTA; World Trade Organization (WTO), General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT) Humanitarian Concerns  Environmental, human rights, peace-keeping efforts aimed at improving the lives of individuals in other nations

7. Influences on Foreign Policy Public Opinion  Most of public (75%) is relatively unaware of foreign policy  Attentive public (20%) aware & interested  Opinion makers (5%) influence debate Political Parties  Tradition has been a bipartisan foreign policy  E.g. both parties supported containment of communist aggression after WWII, etc.

8. Influences cont. Interest Groups  Economic interest groups  Ethnic lobbying  Human rights

9. History of US Foreign Policy Early History  Washington’s 1796 Farewell Address  Perspective was similar to the realist view: in international relations nations should pursue their own clearly defined interests  Foreign policy concerns dominated early republic  US was relatively weak  Federalist 23 argues benefits to national defense of a strong central government (Hamilton)  Need for a strong military was at odds with traditional republican concerns over standing armies  Mostly isolationist

10. History cont. 19 th Century  Foreign policy mostly was concentrated on North America & Western Hemisphere  Monroe Doctrine  Manifest Destiny Age of Imperialism/WWI  Hawaii, Alaska  Spanish-American War

11. History cont. Interwar years: Isolationism  US retreated from the world  No League of Nations  Neutrality Acts of 1930s Post WWII  Active role in international affairs  UN, NATO, IMF, World Bank  Cold War: containment, deterrence, Korean War, Berlin, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam

12. History cont. Post Cold War Era  International world became more complex  US has maintained previous international alliances Post 9/11:  Bush Doctrine: US has the right to preemptively attack other nations if it was believed they posed an imminent threat

13. AMERICAN GOVERNMENT POWER & PURPOSE, 13 th Edition Copyright © 2014 W.W. Norton & Company

14. Instruments of US Foreign Policy Diplomacy  Policy tool that attempts to resolve international conflicts through direct discussion & negotiation  Dept of State: govt’s chief diplomatic arm  Foreign Service Act (1946): created a fully professional diplomatic corps

15. Instruments cont. The United Nations  Created in 1945  Multinational body created to solve international disputes  5 Permanent members of the Security Council have greatest power (US, Russia, UK, China, France) International Monetary Structure  World Bank  International Monetary Fund

16. Instruments cont. Economic Aid & Sanctions  Vast majority of American economic aid is used to further American security or economic interests  Israel & Egypt are largest recipients of aid as a lasting effect of the Camp David Peace Treaty  Sanctions: economic stick of foreign policy

17. Shares of World Military Expenditures – 2010

18. Instruments cont. Collective Security  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military Force  Usually seen as a tool of last resort Arbitration  Form of dispute resolution relying on an independent third body to adjudicate between competing claims  E.g. International Court of Justice, World Trade Organization

20. Modern Foreign Policy Debates Realism  Places national security & economic interests above all other concerns Idealism  Emphasizes the promotion of a nation’s values & ideas