1. Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

2. Opposites Attract Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What is an ion? An atom has a neutral charge because it has an equal number of electrons and protons. An ion is a particle with a positive or negative charge. An ion forms when an atom gains or loses electrons from its outer, or valence, shell. Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

3. How does an ionic bond form? An ionic bond is a force that brings oppositely charged ions together. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom. In the process of ionic bonding, valence electrons move from the outer shell of the metal atom to the outer shell of the nonmetal atom. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

4. How does an ionic bond form? How are the sodium and chlorine atoms held together in the compound sodium chloride? Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

5. What properties do most ionic compounds share? When ions bond, they form a repeating three- dimensional pattern called a crystal lattice. Each ion has many oppositely charged ions around it, and every ion is held firmly in place with strong bonds. It takes a lot of energy to separate these ions from one another. So most ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

6. What properties do most ionic compounds share? Sodium chloride consists of sodium and chloride ions held together in a crystal lattice structure. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

7. What properties do most ionic compounds share? The crystals of ionic compounds are hard and brittle. Striking a crystal of an ionic compound with a hammer will likely shatter the crystals in many places. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

8. What properties do most ionic compounds share? Solid ionic compounds are poor conductors of electric current, because the ions are held tightly in place. Melting an ionic solid, however, allows the individual ions to move around. Melted ionic compounds can conduct an electric current. Ionic compounds dissolved in water can also conduct an electric current. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

9. What properties do most ionic compounds share? Solubility is the ability to dissolve in liquid. Most ionic compounds dissolve in water. When salt is added to water, water molecules attract the positive and negative salt ions. Water molecules surround each ion, and move the ions apart from each other. The separated ions dissolve in water. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

10. Let’s Share! Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What is a covalent bond? A covalent bond forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. When two nonmetal atoms bond, a large amount of energy is needed for either atom to lose an electron. So they bond by sharing electrons. In a covalent bond, the shared electrons fill empty spaces in the outermost electron shell of each atom. Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

11. What is a molecule? Substances that have covalent bonds are made of individual particles called molecules. A molecule is a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds. A molecule is the smallest unit of a compound that can be identified as that compound. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

12. What is a molecule? In a water molecule, two hydrogen atoms form covalent bonds with a central oxygen atom. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

13. What properties do most covalent compounds share? Some covalent compounds dissolve in water. Other covalent compounds do not. Wax molecules have a stronger attraction to other wax molecules than they have to water molecules. This is why wax does not dissolve in water. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

14. What properties do most covalent compounds share? When a covalent compound melts or boils, the covalent bonds holding the molecules together do not break as ionic bonds in an ionic compound do. Instead, one molecule separates from another. Because molecules separate easily from other molecules, they tend to have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

15. What properties do most covalent compounds share? Most covalent compounds are poor conductors of electric current in both solid and liquid form. Unlike ions, which are charged, molecules are neutral. So, even in a liquid in which molecules can move around, the compound cannot conduct electric current. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

16. Free to Move Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company How does a metallic bond form? A metallic bond forms between metal atoms when their outermost energy levels overlap. Metallic bonding is weak compared to ionic or covalent bonding. You can think of a metal as being made up of positive metal ions with enough valence electrons “swimming” around to hold the ions together. Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

17. How does a metallic bond form? Copper metal is held together by metallic bonding, in which electrons flow around copper ions. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

18. What properties do most metallic compounds share? Because the electrons in a metal can move freely, most metals are good conductors of electric current. When you turn on a lamp, valence electrons move through the copper wire that connects the light bulb to the electrical outlet. The valence electrons in the copper atoms are free to move because they are not connected to any one atom. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding

19. What properties do most metallic compounds share? Due to their free-moving electrons, metals have two properties that allow them to be reshaped. Malleability is the ability to be hammered into sheets. Ductility is the ability to be formed into long, thin wires. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 3 Lesson 4 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding