1. History of Exercise Physiology Chapter 1

2. Introduction to Exercise Physiology Chapter 1 – emphasis on important parts Introduction to Exercise Physiology Chapter 1 – emphasis on important parts  History of Exercise Physiology –Can be traced to the United States and Europe in the early part of the 20th century. Work by European scientists contributed to the development of Exercise Physiology.

3. –A.V. Hill from Great Britain: did work on oxygen debt.  Hill won a Nobel Prize in 1922 for his measures of heat production during exercise and recovery. He described the upper limit of performance as maximal oxygen uptake in 1924. –Otto Meyerhof of Germany worked on glucose metabolism. His work led to better understanding of lactate production and fatigue. –August Krogh of Denmark worked on capillary circulation and developed instrumentation for exercise research (e.g. CO 2 analyzer).

4. Work by American scientists contributed to the development of Exercise Physiology.  In 1927 the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory opened under the direction of D.B. Dill. –It was organized in the School of Business to conduct physiological research on industrial hazards.  Under Dill's direction until 1947 when it closed, many scientists were trained who eventually made major contributions to exercise physiology. –They include: Steven Horvath, Institute of Environmental Stress; August Krogh, Nobel Laureate.

7.  Many of the scientists developed lab instrumentation and went on to develop their own laboratories. –Thus, Dill had a major impact on exercise and environmental physiology.  Physical Fitness (capacity to do the work at hand) is a major concern of parents, physical educators, and medical professionals today. It has influenced exercise physiology. –Physical fitness has been a concern dating back to WWI and before, when many recruits were found to have "physical defects.”

8. –Dr. Dudley Sergeant was hired by Harvard University in 1879. –He developed a fitness program that used an individualized system of training.  Dwight Eisenhower established the President's Council on Physical Fitness in the 1950's which was due to findings from a study by Hans Kraus. –The study showed American Children performed poorly on fitness tests compared to European children.  The AAHPERD Youth Fitness Tests were developed in support of this in 1957.

9.  The AAHPERD Youth Fitness Tests were developed in support of this in 1957. Now they are called the Health-Related Physical Fitness Tests.  Today, the concern is the obesity epidemic –Americans have become much more obese since 1980  Abundance of food, bigger portions, and lack of physical activity –Adiposopathy – sick fat –Weight loss is impossible to maintain without physical activity –The obesity epidemic has been called the biggest health problem of the 21 st century.

10. –The Scientific Basis of Physical Education –Over the last 35 years, most undergraduate and graduate programs in PE have changed to incorporate the "scientific knowledge base" required to deal with issues related to fitness, performance, and skill acquisition. –In a number of colleges and universities there isn't much difference in the first two years of pre-med, pre-PT, and exercise physiology degrees.

11. –This is a re-discovery  Similar PE degrees in the 1890's at Stanford and Harvard included scientific and laboratory work.  The Harvard program allowed students to pursue a medical degree after completing two years of the program.  Professional Societies and Research Journals –In 1955, the American College of Sports Medicine was founded. This professional organization is the premier organization for promotion and dissemination of research in exercise physiology.

12. –This group includes scientists and physicians, etc. who are interested in physiological responses and adaptations to exercise –As the field of exercise physiology has developed, it has become much more specialized. Research labs and graduate students associated with those labs usually work in one area. e.g. cardiovascular, etc.  You can be a student member of ACSM!

13. T ranslation of exercise physiology to the consumer  The vast amount of gimmicks, diet books, worthless ergogenic aids, etc. that are on the market necessitates that fitness instructors, physical educators, exercise specialists, and exercise physiologists reach the consumer.  ACSM certification programs/etc.

14. Evidence in Exercise Physiology is Generated from Use of the Scientific Method  The scientific method usually has at least five steps: –(i) stating the problem; –(ii) forming the hypothesis;  Use inductive reasoning – Moving from specific to general. Inductive Reasoning is the process of observing data, recognizing patterns, and making generalizations from the observations  Use of deductive reasoning – Moving from general to specific. Deductive (or logical) Reasoning is the process of demonstrating that if certain statements are accepted as true, then other statements can be shown to follow from them.  You use both kinds of reasoning to generate a hypothesis. You observe inductions, e.g. specific things that are observed to occur or inductions, then you predict what will happen in your specific case to form a hypothesis. You also know what is generally been shown to occur (e.g. textbooks) and you deduct your hypothesis from that. –(iii) testing the hypothesis by performing an experiment (taking data); –(iv) interpreting the data; –(v) drawing a conclusion and developing a theory.

15. Control of the Internal Environment at Rest and During Exercise Chapter 2

16. Definition of Exercise Physiology The description and explanation of functional changes brought about by one bout or repeated bouts of exercise.

17.  Exercise Physiology is a field of Exercise Science. Exercise Science describes all the natural phenomena associated with exercise. –Fields of Exercise Science include:  Motor behavior: learning, control and development  Biomechanics  Exercise Physiology  Sport and Exercise Psychology  Sport Sociology

18.  In our department we have different degree concentrations that have ties to exercise science –Fall 2012 concentrations and students in concentrations in our Department of KHS:  Athletic Training 111 - 13%  Health Education Promotion 61 - 7%  KIN – Exercise Science254 - 29%  KIN – Fitness and Human Perf258 - 29%  KIN – Sports Management 104 - 12%  KIN – Teacher Ed. Cert. 90 - 10% 878

19. Sports Medicine  Sports Medicine it is an umbrella term for the discipline that describes and explains all of the natural and clinical aspects associated with exercise and sport –It includes all the areas of exercise science (e.g. exercise physiology, biomechanics, etc.) and the clinical areas related to sport including cardiac rehabilitation, physical therapy, athletic training, orthopedic surgery, cardiology, etc.  What do we really study in exercise physiology? –Responses - temporary functional changes (e.g. body temp). Study one bout of exercise and see physiological responses.

20. –Adaptations - persistent functional changes (e.g. HR.rest). Study exercise training.  Mechanisms - describe how a phenomenon occurs. –In exercise physiology we answer “how” questions  How questions explain the way in which a response occurs –We try to refrain from “why” questions that deal with the purpose, because we can not be sure of the purpose.

21.  Hippocrates - Use it or lose it (refers to exercise)  Exercise is Medicine - used to prevent or cure disease. –Rehabilitation from cardiovascular disease –Rehabilitation from pulmonary disease –Prevention of CHD –Control of type II diabetes.  insulin sensitivity –Treatment of mental health –Rehabilitation from musculoskeletal injuries –Treatment of arthritis –Controlling hypertension –Reducing the risk of some cancers –Reducing the effects of osteoporosis

22. Control of the Internal Environment Control of the Internal Environment  Homeostasis - tendency of a body to maintain a stable internal environment (at rest). -Walter Canon- –Refers to a constant internal environment during an unstressed or resting condition.

23. Control of the Internal Environment Control of the Internal Environment –Homeostatic control - actions of the body to bring the body to an unchanging, resting state. –Different than the term steady-state that refers to exercise conditions in which: –there is a balance between demands place on the body and responses to those demands.

24. Control of the Internal Environment Control of the Internal Environment  Hormesis - Concept that low doses of toxins or other stressors may activate repair mechanisms of the body. –Does not hold in all cases –i.e. small amounts of some things are toxic –Does apply to exercise:  Example: –Low fitness levels & exercise → high oxidative stress or or high exercise intensity in highly fit → high oxidative stress. oxidative stressoxidative stressoxidative stressoxidative stress –However, moderately intense regular exercise elicits lower levels of oxidative stress and positive cell adaptation –High levels of oxidative stress have been linked by some with the increased incidence of a variety of diseases.

27. –Body core temperature homeostasis would exist after the exercise stopped, not during exercise (see overhead). –Homeostatic control is regulated by biological control systems. –The body has hundreds of biological control systems on the cellular, tissue, and organ system level. All maintain homeostasis.

28.  Biological Control System – A series of interconnected components that serve to maintain a physical or chemical parameter of the body at a constant value. –Components of the biological control system:  receptor  integrating center  effector –Process of function  The stimulus excites a receptor.  The receptor detects change and sends a message to the integrating center.

29.  Assessment in the integrating center may lead to a message output to the effector. –The effector reduces the effect of the stimulus.  Negative Feedback- The kind of control the biological control system commonly uses to bring the body environment back to homeostasis is called negative feedback. –It is called negative because the response is opposite to the stimulus.

32. –Exercise Example – StimulusReceptor StimulusReceptor Exercise   lactic acid in blood carotid bodies detect acidity  acidity   Integrating Center Effector nerve cells in brain send message  respiratory system receives message to control breathing causing increased breathing rate –Breathing Response:   CO 2 exhaled   O 2 delivery to cells   acidity

33. –When this takes place over a period of time an adaptation occurs.

34. – Another example – proteins are important for maintaining cellular homeostasis (e.g. enzymes, intracellular transporters)  Damage of cell proteins from stress (e.g. high temp) disturb homeostasis.  Cells quickly make protective stress proteins (heat shock proteins) that repair damaged proteins

35. –Gain - Can be described as the capacity of a control system.  A control system with high gain can reverse large alterations in homeostasis.  Example: You enter and sit in a cold room of 0C for 20 minutes. Your body moves from room temperature, 22C to O C (total change= 22) –Shivering and  skin blood flow resists body temperature drop and your body core temperature only drops from 37  to 36  C (total change= 1 ) 37  to 36  C (total change= 1 )

36. –Gain = amt of correction needed to maintain homeostasis amt of abnormality that exists after correction amt of abnormality that exists after correctionor 22 C – 0 C= 22 = 22 37 C – 36 C 1 –In other words, for each degree of change in room temperature, there would be 22 x greater change in body temperature if it were not for the control system.