1. BSI Standardisation Efforts in RAS Stephen Cameron Chair, BSI AMT/2 Committee on Robotics University of Oxford JWG5: MedicalWG2: Personal careWG3: Industrial ISO TC299: Robots and robotic devices WG6: Modularity IEC TC62: Electrical equipment in medical practice

2. Why international standards? Countries need to regulate their own markets to ensure products are safe Organisational procedures simplify/allow trade between countries and can reduce environmental impact Allows manufacturers to use one internationally accepted standard rather than many proprietary or regional ones Standards are voluntary and do not limit/restrict any organisation in any way – But regulatory bodies, insurers, etc., may insist on them! Allow consumers to benefit by the knowledge that state-of-the- art practices are developed/adopted for global relevancy 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V2

3. Early standards Originally manufacturers produced standards, and found a need to harmonize at a national level International harmonisation came about as exports increased 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V3

4. Why international standards? Types of standards – Minimum acceptable requirements for: Safety, environment – Metrics for assessing: Safety related performance, quality performance – Guidance documents: Test procedures – Other standards: Inter-operability, terminology Ideal: one standard, one test, one time But there are too many bodies producing too many standards! ISO and IEC are the two main organisations globally accepted for producing standards – Regional, national and private organisations also develop standards 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V4

5. ISO-IEC Basics + robotics related ISO: International Organization for Standardization (www.iso.org) World’s largest developer of voluntary International Standards Founded in 1947; now 163 countries as members Published more than 19,500 ISs covering almost all aspects of technology and business TC199: Safety of machinery – SG: Human-machine interaction TC299: Robots and robotic devices – WG1: Vocabulary; ISO 8373 published 2012 – WG2: Personal care robot safety – WG3: Industrial robot safety – WG4: Service robots – WG6: Modularity for service robots 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V5 Robots as machines

6. ISO-IEC Basics + robotics related IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission (www.iec.ch)www.iec.ch World’s leading organization for all electrical, electronic and related technology standards Founded in 1906 82 members and 81 affiliates, and 12,500 experts in 1,196 groups 6,959 publications in electro-tech TC62: Electrical equipment in medical practice (IEC 60601 family) – SC62A: Common aspects of electrical equipment in medical practice JWG9: Medical electrical equipment and systems using robotic technology – SC62D: Electromedical equipment Surgery robots (Particular) Rehabilitation robots (Particular) 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V6 Robots as medical devices

7. Bottom-up vs Top-down standards Standards used to be produced bottom-up; manufacturers, associations, national bodies, international 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V7 With increased ease of communication – and certainly in high- tech domains like robotics – it makes sense to go straight to international standards when one can, and this happens routinely

8. Manufacturer vs Researcher? Most standards were pushed by relatively mature industries; the committees are dominated by company representatives Not so RAS – the industries are not mature! Instead the committees are dominated by researchers (except ISO WG3 – industrial robots) Current robotics standards are more guidelines – statements of good practice – than prescriptions Still important; especially when it comes to safety Standards are arrived at by consensus Standards can be revised or refined (after about 5 years) 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V8

9. Should Researchers Be Involved? Advantages RAS are often potentially dangerous and/or expensive; we try to help avoid mistakes early in the development process Provides a communication channel to developers, regulators, and insurers Disadvantages Being prescriptive too early could stifle innovation Unpaid! Takes time away from writing papers Impact… 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V9

10. Example Robot Ethics Being published by BSI as standard BS 8611 by a sub-committee of AMT/2 Clearly not a mature technology; guideline document with lots of issues for designers to consider Sub-committee consists of the usual engineering experts, plus some from human-interface design, philosophy… There has been a lot of interest from the media for this one! 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V10

11. Gaps International standards are still dominated by domains that are close to market – UAVs just starting to be covered ISO/TC 20/SC 16 (ACE/1//2) – ISO/TC 22/SC 39 (AUE/12) on Ergonomics are taking a look at Automated Road Vehicles – Military vehicles are generally not covered – Both are examples where standardisation paths overlap, and/or strong alternative regulatory bodies Bodies like the IEEE, CAA, etc. will clearly have a role to play here 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V11

12. Conclusions International standards are important Standardisation in RAS is growing, mainly as a source of good practise Certification is related; will need test houses! V&V is clearly tricky for an autonomous system! We would expect there to be considerable overlap between the `autonomous’ parts of different application domains (e.g., UAVs and driverless cars) BSI – as an experienced `neutral’ body – might be a good organisation to host the common standards 22 Feb 2016Autonomous Systems: Legal/Regulatory Aspects and V&V12