1. Topic 7: Mountains

2. Mountain building takes many years. Himalayas, Nepal

3. Mountains are built through a general process called "deformation" of the crust of the Earth. Deformation is a fancy word which could also mean "folding". An example of this kind of folding comes from the process shown.

4. When two sections of the Earth's crust collide, one slab of lithosphere can be forced back down into the deeper regions of the Earth, as shown in this picture. The slab that is forced back into the Earth usually becomes melted when the edges reach a depth which is hot enough. This process is called "subduction".

5. When two sections of the Earth's crust collide, rather than being forced down to deeper regions of the Earth, the slabs of rock can pile into each other head on, causing one or both slabs to fold up like an accordion.

6. This process causes the crust to be 1.) raised, and 2.) folded up. In the end, a mountain range is produced.

7. Cordillera is Spanish for mountain range.

8. Mountain Formation and Distribution Most mountains are large areas that have uplifted due to the movement (converging, diverging or sliding) or heating of tectonic plates, where the build up of heat and pressure can cause folding and faulting.

9. Three types of plate boundary.

10. Faulting

11. Folding

13. Sedimentary rock under slow, gradual pressure can fold (bend like plastic because they are made soft by the heat) or break - and can be changed to metamorphic rock in the process.

14. The upward, or top part of folded rock is called anticline, the bottom is called syncline.

15. Rock that is too brittle to fold under heat and pressure, will break, called thrust faulting. Himalayas

16. When older rock ends up on top of younger rock as a result of thrust faulting, the result is the formation of fault block mountains.

17. Movement of rock along a fault can be vertical or horizontal and can be traced by the location of the 'basement rock' on both sides of the fault.

18. Mountains can be formed by the convergence of continental and oceanic plates (the Continental plate is lighter and rides over the Oceanic plate) a combination of processes creates complex mountains.

19. Ages of Mountains Mountains that are jagged at the top are 'young' mountains, while those that are more rounded (due to erosion and weathering) are 'old' mountains.

20. Applications Subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate (off the west coast of North America) has caused folding, faulting and uplifting, as well as magma has created volcanoes.

21. The Himalayas are the youngest mountain range with the highest mountains (and still growing).

22. One of the oldest ranges is the Laurentian Mountains, in Quebec (they are being worn down).

23. Bibliography http://www.edquest.ca/content/view/163/http://www.edquest.ca/content/view/163/; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/interior/mountain_building.html&edu=elemhttp://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/interior/mountain_building.html&edu=elem; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter20a.htmlhttp://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter20a.html; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10k.htmlhttp://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10k.html; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.rockychoc.com/images/map-canada.gifhttp://www.rockychoc.com/images/map-canada.gif; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4syncli.jpghttp://www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4syncli.jpg; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/pt/plate/6/ptpt6_2a.htmlhttp://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/pt/plate/6/ptpt6_2a.html; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=4/40/&name=Tectonic_plate_boundaries.pnghttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=4/40/&name=Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png; Mar. 31, 2005 http://geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/booth/Physical/chp14_plutonic/plutonic4_solid.htmhttp://geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/booth/Physical/chp14_plutonic/plutonic4_solid.htm; Mar. 31, 2004 http://www.members.aol.com/rhaberlin/images/mbandes.gifhttp://www.members.aol.com/rhaberlin/images/mbandes.gif; Mar. 31, 2001 http://www.members.aol.com/rhaberlin/mbmod.htmhttp://www.members.aol.com/rhaberlin/mbmod.htm; Mar. 31, 2005 http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/4753/Nepal.A2002300.0505.1km.jpghttp://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/4753/Nepal.A2002300.0505.1km.jpg; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/North_America/Canada/photo3005.htmhttp://www.trekearth.com/gallery/North_America/Canada/photo3005.htm; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~nova/california.htmlhttp://www.cco.caltech.edu/~nova/california.html; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/province/rockymtn.htmlhttp://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/province/rockymtn.html; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.iit.edu/~johnson/morain1.jpghttp://www.iit.edu/~johnson/morain1.jpg; Mar. 31, 2005 http://david.weekly.org/pictures/old/.full/mountains.jpghttp://david.weekly.org/pictures/old/.full/mountains.jpg; Mar. 31, 2005 http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/fischer/105_info/105_E_notes/lecture_notes/Volcanoes/V_images/Juan_de_Fuca_m ap.jpghttp://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/fischer/105_info/105_E_notes/lecture_notes/Volcanoes/V_images/Juan_de_Fuca_m ap.jpg; Mar. 31, 2005 http://oro.ess.ucla.edu/~catlos/Himalayas.jpghttp://oro.ess.ucla.edu/~catlos/Himalayas.jpg; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.himalayankingdoms.com/bigphotos/Everest.jpghttp://www.himalayankingdoms.com/bigphotos/Everest.jpg; Mar. 31, 2005 http://www.cottagevacation.com/interval2.jpghttp://www.cottagevacation.com/interval2.jpg; Mfar. 31, 2005