1. Ohm’s Law Electronic Training Course Slide# 1

2. Slide# 2 Ohm’s Law Review of Current, Voltage and Resistance An electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor and is measured in Amperes commonly called Amps. Current always flows through a conductor from the negative side of the battery to the positive side of the battery. The letter “ I ” is used to represent current.

3. Slide# 3 Ohm’s Law Review of Current, Voltage and Resistance Voltage is the force or electric pressure that causes current to flow. Voltage is created by the accumulation of negative and positive charges on the poles of a battery or electric generator. Voltage is measured in volts. The letter “ V ” (and sometimes “ E ”) is used to represent voltage.

4. Slide# 4 Ohm’s Law Review of Current, Voltage and Resistance Resistance is the opposition to current flow or the resistance that a material presents to the flow of electric current through it. Good conductors such as gold, copper, and silver have low resistance and good insulators such as porcelain, glass, and plastic have high resistance. Resistance is measured in ohms ( Ω ). The letter “ R ” is used to represent resistance.

5. Slide# 5 Ohm’s Law Current, voltage, and resistance are three elements or parameters found in every electric or electronic circuit no matter how simple or complex the circuit is. In the simple circuit shown above, these three elements are present. The battery supplies the voltage ( V ), the resistor and the wires have resistance ( R ), and there is a current ( I ) that flows through the circuit as a result of voltage from the battery.

6. Slide# 6 Ohm’s Law Ohm's Law establishes the relationship between voltage, current and resistance in a circuit. This law states that the amount of current flowing in a circuit depends upon the amount of voltage in the circuit and the amount of resistance in the circuit. Now let's breakdown Ohm's Law.

7. Slide# 7 Ohm’s Law Voltage Effects First we are going to find out how the amount of voltage affects the current flowing in a circuit, or in other words, what happens to the current ( I ) when we increase the voltage ( V )? Does the current increase when the voltage increases? Or Does the current decrease when the voltage increases? To find out, we will connect four batteries with different voltages, one by one, to points A and B of the circuit in the next slide and we will observe how this affects the amount of current flowing in the circuit. The light bulb in the circuit will help us to identify the level of current (the larger the current the brighter the bulb will glow, the smaller the current the dimmer the bulb).

8. Slide# 8 Ohm’s Law Figure B shows the circuit of Figure A with a 1.5 volt battery in place. Notice the small current that flows in the circuit that can barely light the filament of the bulb. Figure C shows the same circuit as Figure A but with a 3 volt battery connected to it. Notice that the current is larger than the one produced with the 1.5 volt battery. Also notice the intensity of the light.

9. Slide# 9 Ohm’s Law Figure D shows the same circuit but with a 6 volt battery. Notice that the current is larger and the lamp glows even brighter. Figure E shows the same circuit with a 12 volt battery. Notice that the current is larger and the light is even brighter still. Therefore, from what you have observed in Figures B - E: What happens to the current when we increase the voltage in a circuit?

10. Slide# 10 Ohm’s Law As we have found, the current increases when the voltage increases and the current decreases when the voltage decreases. Therefore, we can say that the current in the circuit is directly proportional to the voltage in the circuit. A larger voltage will produce a larger current, a smaller voltage will produce a smaller current.

11. Slide# 11 Ohm’s Law Resistance Effects Now let's find out what happens to the amount of the current flowing in a circuit when we increase the amount of resistance. To do this we will connect four resistors of different values: 10, 50, 100, and 1000 ohms between points C and D in the circuit. On the next slide one let's observe what happens to the current as we do this.

12. Slide# 12 Ohm’s Law Figure B shows the circuit of Figure A with a 10 Ω resistor connected to it. Notice that a large current flows in the circuit and that the light bulb is very bright. Figure C shows the same circuit but with a 50 Ω resistor. Notice that the current and the brightness of the light bulb have decreased.

13. Slide# 13 Ohm’s Law Figure D shows the same circuit with a 100 Ω resistor. Notice that the current is smaller and the light is not as bright. Figure E shows the same circuit with a 1000 Ω resistor connected to it. Notice that the current is very small and that the light is nearly off. Therefore, from what you have seen in Figures B to E: What happens to the current in a circuit when we increase the value of the resistance?

14. Slide# 14 Ohm’s Law As we have found, the current decreases when the resistance increases. This makes sense because more resistance means more opposition to current flow which reduces the current flowing in a circuit. Therefore we can say that the amount of current in a circuit is inversely proportional to the amount of resistance, which means, the greater the resistance, the smaller the current, and the smaller the resistance, the greater the current. Now we can say that we have proven Ohm's Law.

15. Slide# 15 Ohm’s Law Basically, Ohm's Law states that the current that flows in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. Which means, as you know, that when the voltage increases the current increases and when the resistance increases the current decreases.

16. Slide# 16 Ohm’s Law The mathematical formula for Ohm's Law is shown here. We can use this formula to calculate the value of the current flowing in a circuit when we know the voltage of the battery and the amount of the resistance. From the basic formula of Ohm's Law the other two formulas can be derived: V = I x R and R = V / I.

17. Slide# 17 Ohm’s Law We can use the V = I x R formula to calculate an unknown voltage when we know the current and the resistance. We can use the other formula R = V / I to calculate an unknown resistance when we know the values of the voltage and the current in a circuit. There is an easy way to memorize the three formulas of Ohm's Law by memorizing the Ohm's Law Circle. Using this circle, the three formulas of Ohm's Law can be obtained by covering the value that you want to calculate.

18. Slide# 18 Ohm’s Law For example, to obtain the formula for voltage ( V ), cover the V in the Ohm's Law circle and what's left is I x R. The vertical line separating the I and R should be interpreted as multiplication. If you want the formula for current, cover the I and what's left is V / R. The same technique can be followed for the formula to calculate resistance ( R ).

19. Slide# 19 Ohm’s Law Here we see three examples of how the formulas of Ohm's Law are used to calculate current, voltage and resistance in a circuit. In the circuit on the left we have connected a 12 volt battery and a 10 Ω resistor and we want to know the value of the current that will flow through this circuit. We can easily calculate the value of the current using Ohm's Law as shown.

20. Slide# 20 Ohm’s Law In the circuit shown in the middle we know the value of the resistor and the value of the current but we do not know the voltage of the battery. We can easily calculate the voltage of the battery by again using Ohm's Law as shown in the figure.

21. Slide# 21 Ohm’s Law In the circuit shown on the right side of the screen we know the value of the battery (voltage) and the value of the current but we do not know the value of the resistor. We can easily calculate the resistance by using Ohm's Law as shown.

22. Slide# 22 Ohm’s Law As you have seen, the formulas of Ohm's Law can be used to calculate the values of current, voltage, and resistance. Ohm's Law is a basic but very useful law which is widely used from beginners to engineers to calculate current, voltage and resistance. In more complex circuits Ohm's Law is used in conjunction with other laws, but it is still used.

23. Review Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. It is measured in Amps. The letter “ I ” is used to represent current. Voltage is the force or electric pressure that allows current flow. It is measured in volts. The letter “ V ” (or sometimes “ E ”) is used to represent voltage. Resistance is the opposition to current flow. It is measured in ohms ( Ω ). The letter “ R ” is used to represent resistance. Current ( I ), voltage ( V ), and resistance ( R ) are the three parameters found in every electronic circuit no matter how simple or complex they are. Ohm's law establishes the relationship between these three parameters. Slide# 23 Ohm’s Law

24. Review As the voltage applied to a circuit increases, the current that flows through the circuit also increases, as shown in slides 8 through 10. As we increase the resistance in a circuit, the current decreases, as shown in slides 12 through 14. Ohm's Law states that the current that flows in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. Slide# 24 Ohm’s Law

25. Review We can use the Ohm's Law formula to calculate current, voltage and resistance. Slide# 25 Ohm’s Law

26. Test 1.Electric current is measured in _____. 2.Voltage is measured in _____. 3.Resistance is measured in _____. 4.Current, voltage and resistance are three elements found in every electronic circuit. 5.The current that flows through a circuit is directly proportional to the _____ in the circuit. Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

27. Test 1.Electric current is measured in _____. A. Amps 2.Voltage is measured in _____. 3.Resistance is measured in _____. 4.Current, voltage and resistance are three elements found in every electronic circuit. 5.The current that flows through a circuit is directly proportional to the _____ in the circuit. Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

28. Test 1.Electric current is measured in _____. A. Amps 2.Voltage is measured in _____. A. Volts 3.Resistance is measured in _____. 4.Current, voltage and resistance are three elements found in every electronic circuit. 5.The current that flows through a circuit is directly proportional to the _____ in the circuit. Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

29. Test 1.Electric current is measured in _____. A. Amps 2.Voltage is measured in _____. A. Volts 3.Resistance is measured in _____. A. Ohms 4.Current, voltage and resistance are three elements found in every electronic circuit. 5.The current that flows through a circuit is directly proportional to the _____ in the circuit. Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

30. Test 1.Electric current is measured in _____. A. Amps 2.Voltage is measured in _____. A. Volts 3.Resistance is measured in _____. A. Ohms 4.Current, voltage and resistance are three elements found in every electronic circuit. A. True 5.The current that flows through a circuit is directly proportional to the _____ in the circuit. Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

31. Test 1.Electric current is measured in _____. A. Amps 2.Voltage is measured in _____. A. Volts 3.Resistance is measured in _____. A. Ohms 4.Current, voltage and resistance are three elements found in every electronic circuit. A. True 5.The current that flows through a circuit is directly proportional to the _____ in the circuit. A. Voltage Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

32. Test 6.The current that flows through a circuit is inversely proportional to the _____ in the circuit. 7.The basic formula of Ohm’s Law is _____. 8.What is the current in this circuit? 9.What is the voltage in this circuit? 10.What is the resistance in this circuit? Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

33. Test 6.The current that flows through a circuit is inversely proportional to the _____ in the circuit. A. Resistance 7.The basic formula of Ohm’s Law is _____. 8.What is the current in this circuit? 9.What is the voltage in this circuit? 10.What is the resistance in this circuit? Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

34. Test 6.The current that flows through a circuit is inversely proportional to the _____ in the circuit. A. Resistance 7.The basic formula of Ohm’s Law is _____. A. I = V / R 8.What is the current in this circuit? 9.What is the voltage in this circuit? 10.What is the resistance in this circuit? Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

35. Test 6.The current that flows through a circuit is inversely proportional to the _____ in the circuit. A. Resistance 7.The basic formula of Ohm’s Law is _____. A. I = V / R 8.What is the current in this circuit? A. 2.4 Amps 9.What is the voltage in this circuit? 10.What is the resistance in this circuit? Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

36. Test 6.The current that flows through a circuit is inversely proportional to the _____ in the circuit. A. Resistance 7.The basic formula of Ohm’s Law is _____. A. I = V / R 8.What is the current in this circuit? A. 2.4 Amps 9.What is the voltage in this circuit? A. 12 Volts 10.What is the resistance in this circuit? Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law

37. Test 6.The current that flows through a circuit is inversely proportional to the _____ in the circuit. A. Resistance 7.The basic formula of Ohm’s Law is _____. A. I = V / R 8.What is the current in this circuit? A. 2.4 Amps 9.What is the voltage in this circuit? A. 12 Volts 10.What is the resistance in this circuit? A. 4.5 Ω Slide# 28 Ohm’s Law