1. Writing in CSD

2. What is a Lit Review? As the first step in the research process, the literature review provides an organized review of the main ideas, theories, and findings related to a topic. Unlike a research study or an essay, a lit review does not seek to prove anything or support the writer’s stand.

3. Organize by characteristics Empirical research Case studies Survey results Informational sources Sub-topic

4. Example of a review organized by sub-topic Major Topic: Therapies used in treatment of stuttering Self-modeling Prolonged speech Habit reversal

5. Lit Review Introduction (1-2 para.) Provide background information on general topic Orient reader to overall significance of topic Indicate focus/significance of the present review Preview the types of information discussed in the body of the review

6. Lit Review Body Provide details from each source (empirical research: IMRaD) (other sources: important ideas, theories, etc.) Synthesize the information: point out differences and similarities in theories, methodologies, findings, etc. Use transitions and consistent verb tense.

7. Lit Review Conclusion Summarize the most important results and ideas in the sources as a whole Identify major trends in the research and consensus among the authors Describe practical applications of the information Identify areas for future study

8. Using APA format In-text Citations

9. General Rules Use the author’s (or authors’) surname(s) and the year the information was published: Rogers (1994).... (Rogers, 1994). In 1994, Rogers.... One date per source per paragraph

10. One or two authors: Cite name(s) every time you cite the source. Rogers (1994) or (Rogers, 1994) Rogers and Johnston (1994) or (Rogers & Johnston, 1994)

11. Three, four, or five authors: First citation in paper: List all names Rogers, Johnston, and Smith (1997) (Rogers, Johnston, & Smith, 1997) Second and subsequent citations: Rogers et al. (1997) (Rogers et al., 1997)

12. Six or more authors: Use the et al. abbreviation for all citations: Smith et al. (2001) (Smith et al., 2001)

13. Group citations Alphabetize the sources by the first author’s surname Separate sources with a semi-colon (Adams, 2002; Davis & Caldwell, 1998; Johnston, Smith, & Alexander, 2000; Smith & Johnston, 2003; Zeigler et al., 1996)

14. References List all sources cited in the review. Alphabetize the sources and format records as in the bibliography