1. THE CITATION/REFERENCE SYSTEM Any sources used in your essay are presented in two places: Citation within the text An entry in the References list

2. Citation AUTHOR (YEAR: PAGE) in the text: Trask (2000: 25) NO Bibliographical entries in footnotes Aim to cite primary literature only If secondary citation is necessary, it should be in this form: Colt (1987, cited in Smith and Wesson, 1988: 45) suggests that...

3. How should a citation look? The citation form is author’s surname, followed by the year of publication and the page where you found the cited argument/ fact/ statistical data: Proudfoot (1988: 33) argues that few police officers are truly flat- footed. Seventy per cent of the world’s police officers wear arch supports (Trodd 1995: 44).

4. Quotation, citation, and punctuation in the text Example of a direct quotation: Nim Chimpsky has argued that “the decline of moral standards in contemporary society is entirely due to a morbid preoccupation with syntax” (1988: 54).

5. The References section (Bibliography) I.author’s name II.publication year III.title of the work you are citing IV.the source of the work: –book: city & publisher; –journal article: name of journal, volume, issue number, page numbers –chapter in an edited collection: editor, title, city & publisher

6. Examples from References section Bloggs, Joseph P. (1998) All I know about nouns. Linguistic Inquiry 20 (3): 455–79. Doe, Priscilla (1965) The little adverb that could. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Grommit, Wallace (1942) Putting Descartes before discourse. In Theodora Banes (ed.), Linguists at large. London: Macmillan, 235–53. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1999. Top 100 languages by population. Ethnologue: Languages of the world. http://www.sil.org/ethnologue/top100.html (3 July 2000).