1. CAUSES OF THE PAY GAP Anna Freeman, Director of Employment 19 November 2010

2. Where a woman (or man) working for the same organisation are not paid at the same rate for doing like work, work of equal value, or work that is rate as equivalent; and the employer cannot show that the variation is “genuinely due to a material difference which is not the difference of sex”, for example: Market forces Red circling Geographical differences Different skills, qualifications and experience NB: Genuine material factor defence will fail if “tainted with discrimination”. DISCRIMINATION

3. “Statistics are no substitute for Judgement” (Henry Clay) Government Equalities Office 2009 – Pay Gap 23% Office for National Statistics 2009 – Pay Gap 12.8% WHAT DO THE STATISTICS SHOW?

4. Why Part-time Work? Many local government jobs need doing on a part-time basis: – care; – cleaning; – catering. Many women want hours that fit in with family life. There is a lack of paid parental leave and affordable childcare. The benefits system is a barrier to working more hours for some PART-TIME WORKING

5. The Impact of Having Children ASHE 2007 – the gender pay gap does not open up until women reach about 30 years of age. Women with one dependent child earn on average 12.3% less than men and with four or more 35.5% less. SOCIAL / CULTURAL FACTORS

6. Occupational Segregation Socially conditioned expectations regarding gender roles and identities impacting on choices regarding: education subjects; academic career; career destinations; promotion opportunities. (How much of a role does biology play?) SOCIAL /CULTURAL FACTORS

7. Why is caring for our young or our elderly (for example) not better valued by society? VALUE PLACED ON “WOMEN’S WORK” BY SOCIETY

8. Understand the causes of the pay gap, and make sure it is not due to discrimination. Ensure that pay policy is in place and adhered to, avoiding pay “drift” Consider positive action Provide career support and career pathways (particularly to part-time workers). Introduce more part-time work at senior grades. Provide as much flexible working as possible WHAT CAN EMPLOYERS DO?

9. CAUSES OF THE PAY GAP Anna Freeman, Director of Employment Anna.Freeman@wlga.gov.uk