1. Artificial Retina Imaging for the Sight Impaired MONDAY, APRIL 18 MIKE VUE ARTIFICIAL RETINA ALLOWS SOMEONE WHO HAS LOST THEIR VISION TO SEE AGAIN. THE TECHNOLOGY IS IMPLANTED IN THE EYE AND IT SENDS SIGNALS TO ALLOW THE PERSON TO SEE.

2. Table of contents  Anatomy of the eye  Cause of blindness  How the implant works  Other approaches  Stanford Retinal Implant  Argus ii

3. The Eye  Retina  The layer at the back of the eye that collects and sends light information to the brain.  Photoreceptors  Cells inside the retina that receive light and color

4. Problem  Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)  Inherited  Photoreceptors dying from the periphery  As early as 20 years old  Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)  Photoreceptors dying from the center out  Age 65+  Most common  No cure for either forms of blindness

5. Epiretinal Implant  Implant in front of the retina  Requires a camera  Work is done by Visual Processing Unit  Implant receives information from the camera with light  Implant sends electric impulses to the optic nerve through electrodes  Implant power

6. Other Approaches  Subretinal Implant  (solar cells)  Suprachoroidal Transrentinal Stimulation  Neurotransmitter

7. Argus II  Developed by Second Sight  20/1,000 vision  Approved in March 2011  In 2013, 70 people have the implant  visual field of about 3.5 inches by 6.5 inches  Uses 60 electrodes  $150,000 US dollars

9. Stanford Retinal Implant  Epiretinal Implant  Clinical trial in France  Grayscale  20/200 vision  Threshold of legally being legally blind  Goal is to get the quality to 20/100  1 x 1 mm  Powered with infrared light

11. Conclusion  The implant only works with RP and AMD  Does not completely restore sight  Only a few people have the implant  The implant is very expensive  Implant is progressing to the point where the user can recognize faces

12. Bibiography  "How Does the Bionic Eye (Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System Work)?: U-M Kellogg Eye Center." How Does the Bionic Eye (Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System Work)?: U-M Kellogg Eye Center. Kellogg Eye Center, n.d. Web..  Kloosterman, Karen. "Nano Retina Develops Bionic Retina for Visually Impaired." Israel21c. Israel21c, 12 June 2011. Web..  KSAT. "Retinal Implants: Painting the Future." Retinal Implants: Painting the Future. KSAT, 22 Sept. 2015. Web..  Rojahn, Susan Young. "Microchip Restores Vision." MIT Technology Review. N.p., 21 Feb. 2013. Web..  Weiland, James D., Wentai Liu, and Mark S. Humayun. "Retinal Prosthesis." Annual Reviews. Annual Reviews, 17 Mar. 2005. Web..  Anthony, Sebastian. "The laser-powered bionic eye that gives 576-pixel grayscale vision to the blind."ExtremeTech.com. Ziff Davis, LLC, 12 July 2012. Web. 24 Apr. 2014..

13. Concepts  Implant uses electric pulses to send signals to brain to produce image  Only restores vision for RP and AMD  How implant receives information  Restored vision quality  Argus is the only implant commercially available