1. Unit 2-1 Fricatives 摩擦音 Zhou Yuhua Ningbo University of Technology

2. Contents Warming-up Activity 1 Definition 2 Illustration and Practice 3 Assignment 4

3. Warming-up Listen to the song carefully to see whether you can hear the “ /s/ ” sound. I lie awake at night See things in black and white I've only got you inside my mind You know you have made me blind I lie awake and pray That you will look my way I have all this longing in my heart I knew it right from the start

4. What are “Fricatives”?—Definition Consonants 辅音 Vowels 元音 Affricates 破擦音 Nasals 鼻音 Lateral 旁流音 Approximants 接近音 Pure 纯元音 Diphthongs 双元音 Fricatives 摩擦音 Stops 塞音

5. What are “ Fricatives ” ? — Definition Fricatives are made by partially blocking the airflow, thus causing the friction-like noise characteristic of these sounds. 摩擦音是因部分阻碍气流而成，因而产生具有摩擦特点 的声音。 Fricative ( 清 ) ( 浊 ) fvfv θðθð szsz ʃʒʃʒ h

6. Fricatives 摩擦音 --/f/& /v/ f feel after leaf ff off coffee ph phone autograph gh laugh v very vivid river ve live give glove ph nephew Stephen

7.  fine — vine  fast — vast  leaf — leave  belief--believe

8. Sentence practice November the first Five leaves left One leaf falls Four leaves left. The traveller ‘ A visitor? Having fun? A fine day for travelling, ’ he said. ‘ A caf é ? A phone? Here? I ’ m afraid not, ’ he laughed. ‘ You ’ ll find one in the village. Far? No, not very far. The ferry over the river. Then a few more miles-five, or seven, or eleven …’

9. th (initial) — thin thank th (middle) — birthday th (end) — mouth both th (initial) — this they th (middle) — brother th (end) — with Fricatives 摩擦音 --/ θ /& /ð/

10. 1. Look in a mirror and say the [θ] sound. 2. Make sure you can see the edge of your tongue protruding between your teeth. Say [θ] again. 3. Say the [θ] sound over and over again. Don't move your tongue between sounds. thin, thanks, thought

11. Sentence practice  What are you thinking about?  Can I have another?  Are you good at maths?  Where ’ s the bathroom?  What are those things over there?  Is the plural of ‘ tooth ’ ‘ teeth ’ ?  Is today the fourth or the fifth? /θ/ /ð//ð/ /ð//ð/ /ð//ð/

12. Fricatives 摩擦音 --/s/& /z/ s,se so sits bus see ss pass cross fussy c,ce (before e, i, y) city civil fence cellar s gives easy husband ss scissors z,zz zoo size jazz /s/ /z/

13. / θ /&/s/  math--mass  faith--face  think--sink  mouth--mouse /s/ /θ/

14. /s/& /z/  lacer--laser  loose--lose  glacier--glazier  assure--azure

15. Sentence practice  Have you seen my glasses?  So, I ’ ll see you in the same place next Saturday.  I saw your sister on the bus yesterday.  What time does the zoo close?  My favorite music is jazz.  Roses are my favorite flowers. /s/ /z/

16. Fricatives 摩擦音 --/ ʃ /&/ ʒ / sh shoe ship wash English -si-, -ci-, -sci-, -ti- Asia, Russia, social s sure sugar ch moustache machine -sure leisure treasure -si- confusion decision -ge rouge bourgeoisie

17. / ʃ /&/ ʒ /  assure — azure  leisure — pleasure  station — television  Russia--Asia

18. Sentence practice Take your cash. Go to the shop. Buy some fresh fish and some fresh mushrooms. Take them home. Wash them. Cook them for a short time. Put them in a dish. Eat them. Shout, ‘ Delicious! ’  Usually he takes pleasure in cleaning the garage at his leisure.  He was carrying on about some stupid television series.  Francis poured a generous measure of the whisky into a fresh glass. / ʃ / /ʒ//ʒ/

19. /h/ h he hot here hat help behind wh who whom what whose whole

20. Sentence practice  He has hurt his hand with a heavy hammer.  Hogg ran hand in hand with Hall down the hill.

21. Twist your tongue  Once a fellow met a fellow In a field of beans. Said a fellow to a fellow, "If a fellow asks a fellow, Can a fellow tell a fellow What a fellow means? “  The thirty-three thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.

22. Twist your tongue  I saw a saw that could out saw any other saw I ever saw.  I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.

23. Passage reading: No Wrong Numbers Mr. James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst. Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has just bought twelve pigeons. Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. The bird covered the distance in three minutes. Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other. In this way, he has begun his own private 'telephone' service.

24. Assignment 1.Review this section; 2.Practice the Fricatives and put them into words; 3.Train your tongue—practice “the tongue twister”; 4.Practice the Fricatives in the passage—No Wrong Numbers.

25. Thank You !