1. Arabidopsis thaliana in Martian Soil Simulant Co-Principal Investigators: Subi Lumala, Catherine Whitmer, Vivienne Rutherford Community: Open Window School, Bellevue, WA Teacher Facilitator: Brian Preston, Open Window School Mentors: Dr. Robert Rutherford, Adrienne Gifford

2. Why We Chose Our Project – Our experiment addresses some of the recent news about Mars and colonizing it – Mars has different soil and gravity and how they affect plant growth could be important to colonists trying to survive on Mars – It is not possible to simulate the low gravity of Mars here on Earth. The closest we can get is the microgravity on the ISS – We believe our research could be useful in the future as a step forward in science and surviving space travel – This idea would require lots of testing and trying different variations of soil, water, and sterilization, and we were all willing to do the extra work – Out of all of our ideas this one popped out at us, igniting our curiosity in this area of science. It was unanimous that this would be our project

3. In a Similar-to-Martian Environment, How Will Arabidopsis thaliana Germinate, If At All? – Our experiment is centered around Arabidopsis thaliana, a well-know and well- researched plant in the mustard family. A. thaliana is often used as a "control" for scientific experiments, but no one has tested it in a Martian soil simulant in low gravity. It has been grown in space, in Earth soil, and has been very successful. – A. thaliana will germinate and then die within 2 weeks, therefore with our plan we will stop it early. – The data from our results will hopefully benefit the scientific community with future Mars experiments, or even colonies.

4. Experiment Design and Analysis Procedure – The design for our type 3 FME has three partitions – In Volume 1 we have 2.5 mL of our Martian soil simulant and 200 A. thaliana seeds – In Volume 2 we have 2.5 mL of sterilized water that will be used to start the seeds' growth – In Volume 3 we have 2.4 mL of 20% natural buffered formalin to halt the seeds' growth before they come back to earth – In our analysis we will: – Count how many seeds sprouted – Measure the lengths of the sprouts – Measure the volume of all the sprouts together – Look at root, stem, and leaf shapes – Compare all of these to the Ground Truth results

5. Ground Truth Experiment Results – We have not done our final Ground Truth experiment yet, but this information is from our experiments while we were finding out the best growing conditions – Our Ground Truth experiments have varied as we have learned – We worked through many trials to optimize the sterilization procedure. The seeds are delicate and easy to kill! – We have settled on a sterilization procedure and we are getting very good results – In typical results we get around 34 out of 50 seeds sprouted with 1 mL of water and 1 mL of soil

6. Our Hypothesis of What Will Happen in Space – We need to be concerned that the soil and the water might separate in microgravity and some seeds will not get enough soil or water. To help avoid this we start with a thorough shaking of the FME – We suspect that microgravity might cause the seeds to develop at a different rate – The seeds could show different amounts of growth in their leaves and stems. Because of the lack of gravity the stems and roots might grow in the same direction

7. Acknowledgements We would like to thank everyone on the review board: Dr. Phyllis Harvey-Buschel, Wing L. Mui, Dr. Cheryl Lydon, Dr. David Horn, Dr. Brett Adams, Dr. Fay Shaw, Dr. Adrian KC Lee, and Sally Goetz Shuler. These generous people took the time to read over and make suggestions to our paper to help make bits and pieces of our paper more professional. They helped us fix up things we missed or suggested that we add more detail in some spots. Thank you so much for all your help! We would also like to thank Dr. Robert Rutherford of Seattle University for his continuing advice and help throughout the project! We would also like to thank SSEP National Partner, CASIS.