1. © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2Slide 1 LESSON 2.1 The Scientific Process in Psychology OBJECTIVES Describe the stages in the psychological research process.

2. Chapter 2 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 2 Science and Critical Thinking Critical thinking is the process of deciding what to believe and how to act based on a careful evaluation of the evidence.

3. Chapter 2 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 3 Stages in the Psychological Research Process Stage 1: Stage 1:Select a topic and search the literature Stage 2: Stage 2:Develop a theory and hypothesis Stage 3: Stage 3:Select a scientific method and consider ethical issues Stage 4: Stage 4:Collect and analyze data and report results

4. Chapter 2 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 4 Stage 1: Select a Topic and Search the Literature Select topic worth exploring Sources for topics Previous studies

5. Chapter 2 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 5 Stage 2: Develop a Theory and Hypothesis A theory is an organized system of ideas that seeks to explain why two or more events are related. A hypothesis is an educated guess, or prediction, about the nature of things based on a theory.

6. Chapter 2 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 6 Stage 3: Select a Scientific Method and Consider Ethical Issues OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH OR EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

7. Chapter 2 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 7 Observational Research Naturalistic observation is a scientific method that describes how people or animals behave in their natural environment. Participant observation is a scientific method in which a researcher describes behavior as it occurs in its natural environment, and does so as a participant of the group being studied. Case study is a scientific method involving an in-depth analysis of a single subject.

8. Chapter 2 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 8 Experimental Research An experiment is a scientific method in which researchers manipulate, or change, a variable to observe the effect on some other variable. Independent variable is the variable that is manipulated in an experiment. A dependent variable is the variable that may change in response to the manipulated changes in the independent variable.

9. Chapter 2 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 9 Standards for the Humane Care and Treatment of Laboratory Animals Animals are properly cared for. Subjecting animals to painful or stressful procedures is used only when an alternative procedure is unavailable. Surgical procedures are performed under appropriate anesthesia, and techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain are followed. When an animal’s life must be ended, it is done rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain.

10. Chapter 2 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 10 Myths About Animal Research Most animal research is unnecessary Other research methods can be used so that animals are not needed in research. Most research animals are dogs, cats, monkeys, and chimpanzees. Most animals in research suffer great pain and distress. Animal research only benefits humans.

11. Chapter 2 © South-Western | Cengage Learning A Discovery Experience PSYCHOLOGY Slide 11 Stage 4: Collect and Analyze Data and Report Results Data collection techniques Report results Presentations at professional meetings Publishing in scientific journals