1. Engaging Men and Boys in Gender Equality as a Key Strategy in HIV/AIDS Prevention Gary Barker, PhD Instituto Promundo Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

2. Driving Questions Why does engaging men and changing masculinities matter for HIV/AIDS prevention? Can men and boys – and masculinities – change? Can they change quickly enough to matter for reducing HIV/AIDS? What is the evidence base?

3. The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Men 39.5 million living with AIDS in 2006 -- 63% in Africa, 90% infected through sex In generalized or concentrated epidemics, sexual behavior of men key Epidemic leveling off in some countries mostly when large groups of men change behaviors – eg Thailand, Brazil, Uganda Young women 50% more likely to contract HIV than young men HIV higher in conflict zones, in armed forces, prisons and in cases of gender- based violence and transactional sex Men less likely than women in some settings to seek VCT; women unlikely to disclose HIV status

4.  Self-reported physical violence toward female partners  Number of sexual partners  Rates of self-reported STI symptoms  Condom use  Substance/alcohol use In sum, how and to what extent boys and men internalize prevailing inequitable social definitions of manhood and gender-related norms affects their health and well-being and that of their partners and their behavior related to HIV/AIDS..... Social norms about manhood are key …. In numerous sample survey studies men’s and boys’ attitudes related to what it means to be a man correlated with their....

5. Can men and boys change? New generation of boys and men influenced by the gains of women’s rights movement New legislation in many countries – VAW, paternity leave, joint custody of children Entrance of women into the paid workforce outside the home Girls’ educational parity with boys Lots of boys and young men who show a mixture of more gender- equitable views mixed with inequitable views about women The question is not if men can change, but how we can speed up the change

6. Evidence from programs confirms that it works.... WHO-Promundo review: evaluation data from 57 programs engaging men & boys in health-based interventions Type of InterventionnEffectivePromisingUnclear Group Education20-119 Services-Based8242 Community Outreach/Mobilization 862- Integrated (includes more than 1 of the above) 216510 TOTAL 5714 (24.5%) 22 (38.5%) 21 (36.8%)

7. Gender Transformative Programmes Are Even More Effective in Achieving Attitude or Behaviour Change (n=27 programs)

8. Making Gender Equality, Safe Sex and Non- Violence Part of Boys’ and Young Men’s Identities

9. Impact Evaluation Confirms Increased Couple Communication, Decreased STI rates, Decreased GBV in India ….

10. …. Lower self-reported STI rates and higher condom use in last sexual encounter in Brazil *p < 0.05 - Chi-square test Percent of Use w Primary Partner

11.  Enable/empower men/boys to question harmful and traditional norms about manhood  Find and promote what’s in it for men to change and make explicit the benefits for women and children  Take into account other issues – particularly poverty, employment, urban/rural differences, etc.  Are integrated across health and social development issues and with multiple intervention levels  Work at questioning gender inequalities as well as homophobic versions of manhood The experience so far suggests the need for programs that....

12. What’s happening at the grassroots level? 60 countries implementing the White Ribbon Campaign More than 400 NGOs from 75 countries participating in the very nascent MenEngage Alliance Groups of men organizing in small but important ways around the world Growing field of research on men and masculinities Increasing collaborations with women’s rights organizations and activists