1. Macromolecules 2.3, 2.4 2 September 2014

2. Monomers Monomers are the subunits (building blocks) of polymers. Mono = one Monorail has only one rail. Monotone voice has only one tone.

3. Polymers are large molecules (macromolecules) made up of many monomers. Poly = many Macro = large Polygons have many angles. Macroscopic objects are large.

4. Carbo hydra tes are molecules composed of C, H, & O usually in the ratio of 2H to 1C. Its monomer is saccharide (sugar).

5. Carbohydrates (Carbs) Examples of polysaccharides include Starches – energy storage by plants Glycogen – energy storage by animals Cellulose – plant cell wall structure

6. Function of Carbohydrates Provide StructurePlant Cell Walls

7. Function of Carbohydrates Provide Structure: Arthropod exoskeleton (chitin)

8. Function of Carbohydrates Provide StructureFungi Cell Wall (chitin)

9. Function of Carbohydrates Store and provide Energy

10. How to recognize a carbohydrate C to H ratio is 1 to 2. Generally is hydrophilic (many –OH groups) Note: an –OH is called a hydroxyl group

11. Lipids include fats, oils, cholesterol & contain C, H, O. Generally are nonpolar (fewer –OH groups)

12. Lipid Structure Made of fatty acids and glycerol

13. How do I recognize a lipid? Saturated Max hydrogens Likely solid at RT Animal sources Ex. Butter, eggs, meat, milk Unsaturated Less than max hydrogens Likely liquid at RT Vegetables, fruits, & nuts Ex. Olive oil, corn oil, peanut oil

14. How do I recognize a lipid?

15. Lipid

16. How do I recognize a lipid?

17. Function of Lipids Structure cell membranes

18. Function of Lipids Store and provide energy

19. Proteins Proteins are made of monomers called amino acids. Amino acids contain C, H, O, N, & S

21. Amino Acids (aa) There are 20 amino acids. The Human body can synthesize 12 of them.

22. Peptide Bond Peptide bonds are covalent bonds between two amino acids.

23. Polypeptide Polypeptide means many peptides; a long chain of amino acids. Proteins are made of polypeptides in a very specific arrangement.

24. Protein Structure Protein function is determined by the sequence and number of amino acids. Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

25. How do I recognize a protein? Terminal amino group.-NH3 Terminal carboxylic acid group.-COOH Can be polar or non-polar based on structure.

26. Protein Function

27. Protein Function: Enzymes Lactose is broken down by lactase, which is an enzyme and therefore a protein.

28. Protein Function: Immune Response Antibodies facilitate immune response when sick.

29. Food Labels